July is a month of vibrant energy and warmth, and it is symbolized by some of the most captivating gemstones in the world of jewelry and gemology. The birthstone for July is not one, but two: the fiery Ruby and the enigmatic Onyx. These stones, each with its own distinct history, symbolism, and physical properties, have been cherished for centuries by cultures across the globe.
This article explores the fascinating world of July’s birthstones—Ruby and Onyx—through the lens of gemology, history, and cultural significance. We examine the scientific properties of these gems, their historical use, the metaphysical beliefs surrounding them, and how to care for and preserve them. Additionally, we look at the alternative and traditional birthstone options for July, such as Sapphire, Sardonyx, Turquoise, Amber, and Beryl, as referenced in various cultural and historical traditions.
History and Lore of the July Birthstones
The concept of birthstones is deeply rooted in ancient traditions, and July’s birthstones are no exception. The modern designation of Ruby as the official July birthstone was formalized in the 1950s by the Jewelers of America. However, the historical and cultural significance of Ruby dates back much further, with references found in ancient Indian, Burmese, and European traditions.
In ancient India, Ruby was known as "ratnaraj", meaning "king of precious stones," a title that reflected its esteemed position in the hierarchy of gemstones. This reverence was due to its rarity, hardness (second only to diamond), and the deep red color that symbolized life and vitality. Ancient Hindu traditions associated rubies with the god Krishna, and it was believed that wearing a ruby could bring good fortune, health, and success in love.
Similarly, in Burma (now Myanmar), Ruby was considered a symbol of invincibility. Burmese warriors would often carry rubies into battle, believing that the gemstone would protect them and ensure their victory. This belief in the ruby’s protective powers extended into medieval Europe, where it was thought that rubies could predict danger and even cure diseases.
Onyx, on the other hand, has a different but equally rich history. In ancient Greece and Rome, onyx was considered a stone of protection and strength. It was believed to guard the wearer from harm and to instill courage during times of fear or uncertainty. Roman soldiers wore onyx rings to bolster their bravery before battle. The stone was also used in ancient Egyptian jewelry and was thought to connect the wearer with the divine.
Sardonyx and July’s Ancient Roots
Before being recognized as a July birthstone, Sardonyx was associated with the zodiac sign Leo, which includes part of the month of July. This banded gemstone, composed of white chalcedony and sard (a darker form of carnelian), was believed to grant courage and bravery. In Russian tradition, sardonyx was designated as the July birthstone in the old calendar, and it was considered a powerful stone for warriors and leaders.
The Role of Sapphires and Turquoise
In Hindu tradition, Sapphire is listed as a July birthstone. As a variety of corundum, sapphire can appear in many colors, but it is most commonly known in blue. Unlike ruby, sapphire is not red, and thus, it is considered a different type of corundum. Sapphires were thought to bring inner peace and were believed to counteract depression. In some cultures, sapphire was also associated with wisdom and spiritual insight.
Turquoise, another alternative July birthstone, is a rare and valuable opaque stone that ranges in color from blue to green. While it is more commonly known as the December birthstone, it was also historically associated with July. Turquoise was believed to bring clarity of mind and spiritual discernment, making it a sought-after gem in both jewelry and ceremonial objects.
Geological Formation and Sources of July Birthstones
Understanding the geological processes that form July’s birthstones gives us insight into their rarity, beauty, and value.
Ruby: A Product of High Pressure and Heat
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The deep red color of ruby is due to trace amounts of chromium within the crystal structure. The finest rubies display a rich red color with a slight purple hue, a shade known in the trade as "pigeon’s blood." This color is highly prized and is most commonly found in Burma (Myanmar), though rubies are also mined in Madagascar, Thailand, and Afghanistan.
Ruby forms under conditions of high temperature and pressure, typically in metamorphic rocks such as marble. The presence of chromium is relatively rare, which is why high-quality rubies are considered among the most valuable gemstones in the world.
Onyx: A Banded Chalcedony
Onyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of silica (SiO₂). It is known for its smooth, even surface and its banded patterns, which can range from black and white to red and white. The most common form of onyx is black onyx, which is often used in jewelry for its deep, elegant appearance.
Onyx forms in the cavities of volcanic rocks, where silica-rich fluids slowly deposit layers of chalcedony over time. This process can take millions of years and results in the distinct banding that onyx is known for. Major sources of onyx include Brazil, India, and the United States (particularly in Oregon and California).
Sardonyx and the Banded Beauty
Sardonyx is a specific variety of onyx that features alternating bands of white chalcedony and sard, a reddish-brown to dark orange-brown form of carnelian. The banding is often sharp and distinct, making sardonyx a popular choice for engraved rings and cameos.
Like other types of onyx, sardonyx forms in the cavities of volcanic rocks and is mined in Brazil, India, and the United States. Historically, sardonyx was used in Roman intaglios and signet rings, where its contrasting colors made it ideal for intricate carvings.
Gemological Properties of July Birthstones
To fully appreciate the value and beauty of July’s birthstones, it is essential to understand their gemological properties, including hardness, refractive index, and color.
Ruby: The King of Corundum
- Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃ (with trace chromium)
- Color: Red, with the most prized shade being "pigeon’s blood" red
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 9
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
- Specific Gravity: 3.97–4.05
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Inclusions: Common, often referred to as "silk" (rutile needle inclusions)
- Cleavage: None
- Durability: High
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, second only to diamond. Its high refractive index and strong color saturation make it one of the most desirable gems in the world. The presence of inclusions, especially the silk-like rutile needles, is often considered a hallmark of natural ruby and can enhance its beauty.
Onyx: A Durable Banded Stone
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (Silicon Dioxide)
- Color: Black, white, red, or banded combinations
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6.5–7
- Refractive Index: 1.48–1.53
- Specific Gravity: 2.60–2.64
- Luster: Waxy to vitreous
- Transparency: Opaque to translucent
- Inclusions: Rare
- Cleavage: None
- Durability: Moderate
Onyx is less hard than ruby but is still a durable gemstone that can withstand everyday wear. Its opacity and smooth surface make it ideal for carved pieces and rings with intricate designs. Onyx is also relatively easy to clean and maintain.
Sardonyx: The Banded Strength
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (Silicon Dioxide)
- Color: Alternating bands of white chalcedony and sard (reddish-brown)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6.5–7
- Refractive Index: 1.48–1.53
- Specific Gravity: 2.60–2.64
- Luster: Waxy to vitreous
- Transparency: Opaque to translucent
- Inclusions: Rare
- Cleavage: None
- Durability: Moderate
Sardonyx shares many properties with onyx, including its chemical composition and durability. The distinct banding of sardonyx makes it a popular choice for engraved rings, where the sharp color contrasts allow for intricate designs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical properties of gemstones have been part of human culture for millennia. July’s birthstones are no exception, each carrying its own set of meanings and energies.
Ruby: The Stone of Passion and Power
Ruby has long been associated with passion, vitality, and power. In ancient times, it was believed to be the "stone of kings," a symbol of nobility and strength. The deep red color of ruby is often linked to the life force and blood, representing energy, courage, and vitality.
Ruby is also associated with love and romance. In many cultures, it is believed to strengthen relationships and promote deep emotional connections. It is a popular choice for engagement rings and wedding jewelry, symbolizing enduring love and devotion.
In the metaphysical realm, ruby is said to stimulate the heart chakra, promoting compassion, love, and emotional healing. It is also believed to enhance confidence, motivation, and willpower, making it a powerful stone for those who seek success and leadership.
Onyx: The Stone of Strength and Protection
Onyx is often regarded as a stone of strength, protection, and grounding. It is believed to help individuals maintain emotional balance and stability, especially during times of stress or fear. In ancient times, onyx was worn by warriors and leaders to boost courage and resilience.
Onyx is also associated with discipline and willpower, helping individuals stay focused on their goals and maintain a strong sense of self. It is believed to absorb negative energies and protect the wearer from harm, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional and spiritual protection.
Black onyx, in particular, is thought to be especially powerful in warding off negativity and promoting self-confidence. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to enhance focus and clarity.
Sardonyx: The Stone of Courage and Leadership
Sardonyx is believed to be a stone of courage, leadership, and protection. Its banded structure is thought to represent the balance between strength and wisdom. In ancient times, sardonyx was used by warriors and leaders to inspire bravery and strategic thinking.
The red bands in sardonyx are associated with passion and action, while the white bands are linked to clarity and reason. This combination makes sardonyx a powerful stone for those who need to make decisions with both heart and mind.
Sardonyx is also believed to protect against negative influences and promote inner strength, making it a valuable stone for those who are facing challenges or undergoing personal transformation.
Care and Cleaning of July Birthstones
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of July’s birthstones. Each gemstone has different requirements due to its hardness, durability, and sensitivity to heat and chemicals.
Caring for Ruby
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
- Durability: High
- Cleaning: Use warm water with mild detergent. Avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone.
- Storage: Store ruby separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
- Avoid: Exposure to harsh chemicals, extreme heat, or sudden temperature changes.
Ruby is one of the hardest and most durable gemstones, but it can still be damaged by improper care. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials when cleaning ruby. If the gemstone is set in a ring or necklace, be gentle when handling it to avoid loosening the setting.
Caring for Onyx
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Durability: Moderate
- Cleaning: Use a soft cloth with warm water and mild detergent. Avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners.
- Storage: Store onyx separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
- Avoid: Exposure to harsh chemicals and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, which can cause fading.
Onyx is relatively easy to care for, but it is softer than ruby and can be scratched if not handled properly. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials when cleaning onyx. It is also important to avoid exposing onyx to prolonged sunlight, as this can cause the color to fade over time.
Caring for Sardonyx
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Durability: Moderate
- Cleaning: Use warm water with mild detergent. Avoid steam and ultrasonic cleaners.
- Storage: Store sardonyx separately from harder gemstones.
- Avoid: Exposure to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
Sardonyx is similar to onyx in terms of care and maintenance. It is durable but can be scratched if not handled properly. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials when cleaning sardonyx. It is also important to avoid exposing sardonyx to extreme temperatures, as this can cause it to crack or become brittle.
Conclusion
July’s birthstones—Ruby, Onyx, and their alternatives such as Sapphire, Sardonyx, Turquoise, Amber, and Beryl—are more than just beautiful gems. They are a reflection of the rich history, cultural traditions, and gemological science that have shaped our understanding of these stones over the centuries.
Ruby, with its deep red color and symbolic meaning of power and passion, is one of the most coveted gemstones in the world. Onyx, with its smooth, banded appearance and protective properties, offers a more grounded and practical presence. Sardonyx, with its distinct banding and historical use in engraved rings, adds a touch of elegance and tradition. Together, these stones represent the diverse and fascinating world of gemstones, each with its own unique story and significance.
Whether you are a jewelry buyer, a gemstone enthusiast, or a student of gemology, the July birthstones offer a window into the world of precious stones and their enduring appeal.