December, the final month of the year, is associated with a unique set of gemstones that reflect the cold, crisp winter season with their captivating shades of blue and purple. These gemstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz—are not only admired for their beauty but also for their historical and cultural significance. This article delves into the gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these December birthstones, providing a comprehensive guide for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
Introduction
The December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz—are celebrated for their distinct hues, durability, and deep-rooted symbolism. These gemstones have been cherished across cultures for centuries and continue to be popular choices for jewelry, particularly necklaces and earrings. Each stone brings its own unique charm and meaning, making them ideal gifts for December birthdays or meaningful occasions such as Christmas or Hanukkah. This article explores the history, properties, and care of these gemstones, offering insight into their enduring appeal.
History and Lore
Turquoise
Turquoise has a long and storied history, dating back to ancient civilizations. It has been used in jewelry, amulets, and decorative objects by cultures such as the Egyptians, Persians, and Native Americans. In ancient Egypt, turquoise was believed to have protective powers and was often used in funerary items. The gemstone was also associated with the gods and was considered a symbol of life and immortality.
In Native American traditions, turquoise is revered as a sacred stone. It is often used in rituals and is believed to bring good fortune, protection, and spiritual guidance. The stone's distinctive blue-green hue, often marked with dark veins, is seen as a representation of the sky and water, symbolizing the connection between earth and sky.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery in the gemstone world. It was first found in the late 1960s in Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. The gemstone quickly gained popularity due to its striking violet-blue color and its ability to exhibit different hues depending on the light source. Tanzanite is often associated with transformation and new beginnings, making it a meaningful gemstone for those celebrating a December birthday.
The discovery of tanzanite is also noteworthy because it is one of the few gemstones that is exclusively found in one location—Tanzania. This exclusivity has contributed to its value and desirability in the jewelry market.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz has been known for centuries, but it was not until the 19th century that it became a popular gemstone for jewelry. Natural blue topaz is relatively rare, so most blue topaz available in the market is treated to enhance its color. The gemstone is often associated with wisdom and honesty, making it a fitting choice for those who value these qualities.
Blue topaz has also been used in various cultural contexts. In ancient times, it was believed to have calming properties and was used to soothe tempers and promote emotional balance. Today, it is a popular choice for December birthstone jewelry, particularly for its clear, icy brilliance and its versatility in design.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits, where water percolates through the rock and reacts with copper and aluminum to create the distinctive blue-green color. The presence of impurities such as iron or chromium can affect the stone's color, resulting in variations from bright blue to greenish hues.
The most notable sources of turquoise include the United States, particularly in states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada. Other significant sources include China, Egypt, and Iran. Turquoise is often mined in small, artisanal operations, and the quality of the stone can vary depending on the location and the conditions in which it forms.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH) and the chemical composition Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)·H₂O. It is found in metamorphic rock formations and is known for its pleochroism, which means it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite is typically a deep violet-blue, but it can also appear as red, yellow, or green depending on the angle of light.
As mentioned earlier, tanzanite is exclusively found in Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. The gemstone is mined in a limited area, which contributes to its rarity and value. Tanzanite is often heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity, making it more suitable for jewelry.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the mineral topaz, with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It is found in igneous rocks and is known for its clarity and brilliance. Blue topaz is typically colorless in its natural state, but it can be treated with irradiation and heat to produce a range of blue colors, from light sky blue to intense ink-blue.
Natural blue topaz is rare, so most of the blue topaz available in the jewelry market is treated. The stone is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. Blue topaz is relatively abundant and is often used in a variety of jewelry designs due to its durability and affordability.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively soft and can be easily scratched or damaged. It is also porous and can absorb liquids and oils, making it sensitive to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures. Turquoise is often stabilized with resins or waxes to improve its durability and enhance its color.
The gemstone is available in a range of colors, from light sky blue to deep greenish-blue, with dark veins or matrix patterns that add to its uniqueness. Turquoise is typically opaque or semi-transparent and is often set in silver or gold to highlight its natural beauty.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, making it somewhat durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage. It is also sensitive to heat and can lose its color if exposed to high temperatures. Tanzanite is often heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity, and it is usually set in protective settings to minimize the risk of damage.
Tanzanite is known for its pleochroism, which means it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This property makes it a fascinating gemstone to study and admire. Tanzanite is also relatively rare due to its limited source, which contributes to its value in the jewelry market.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the more durable December birthstones. It is resistant to scratches and is suitable for everyday wear. Blue topaz is also resistant to heat and chemicals, making it a practical choice for jewelry.
The gemstone is available in a range of blue colors, from light sky blue to intense ink-blue. It is often cut into faceted shapes to maximize its brilliance and clarity. Blue topaz is also relatively affordable, making it a popular choice for those who want to enjoy the beauty of a gemstone without the high cost.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. In many cultures, it is believed to have calming and soothing properties, helping to reduce stress and promote emotional balance. It is also thought to enhance communication and intuition, making it a valuable stone for those who seek clarity and wisdom.
In Native American traditions, turquoise is considered a sacred stone and is often used in rituals and ceremonies. It is believed to connect the earth and the sky, symbolizing the bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds. Turquoise is also associated with the heart chakra and is believed to promote love, compassion, and emotional healing.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often associated with transformation and new beginnings. It is believed to help individuals embrace change and move forward with confidence and courage. The gemstone is also thought to enhance emotional balance and promote inner peace.
Tanzanite is associated with the throat chakra and is believed to improve communication and self-expression. It is also thought to help individuals overcome fears and doubts, allowing them to speak their truth and express themselves authentically. Tanzanite is also believed to enhance spiritual awareness and connection to the divine.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with wisdom, honesty, and emotional balance. It is believed to help individuals make sound decisions and communicate clearly and effectively. Blue topaz is also thought to promote calmness and serenity, helping to reduce stress and anxiety.
Blue topaz is associated with the throat chakra and is believed to enhance communication and self-expression. It is also thought to help individuals overcome fears and doubts, allowing them to speak their truth and express themselves authentically. Blue topaz is also believed to enhance spiritual awareness and connection to the divine.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise
Due to its softness and porosity, turquoise requires careful handling and cleaning. It should be kept away from harsh chemicals, heat, and direct sunlight to prevent fading and damage. Turquoise can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, but it should not be soaked in water or exposed to ultrasonic cleaners, as this can cause it to lose its color and stability.
Turquoise should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and damage. It is also a good idea to avoid wearing turquoise jewelry during activities that may expose it to impact or abrasion. With proper care, turquoise can retain its beauty and value for many years.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap to remove dirt and debris. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals, heat, or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause it to lose its color and clarity. Tanzanite is also sensitive to heat, so it should be kept away from high temperatures to prevent damage.
Tanzanite should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent fading and damage. It is also a good idea to avoid wearing tanzanite jewelry during activities that may expose it to impact or abrasion. With proper care, tanzanite can retain its beauty and value for many years.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is relatively durable and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It can also be soaked in water, but it should not be exposed to ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can cause it to lose its color and clarity. Blue topaz is resistant to heat and chemicals, making it a practical choice for everyday wear.
Blue topaz should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent fading and damage. It is also a good idea to avoid wearing blue topaz jewelry during activities that may expose it to impact or abrasion. With proper care, blue topaz can retain its beauty and value for many years.
Conclusion
December birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz—offer a unique combination of beauty, symbolism, and durability. These gemstones have been cherished for centuries and continue to be popular choices for jewelry, particularly for December birthdays and special occasions. Each stone has its own distinct properties, history, and meaning, making them valuable additions to any jewelry collection.
Whether you are looking for a meaningful gift for a loved one or a beautiful piece to wear yourself, December birthstone jewelry provides a timeless and elegant option. With proper care and attention, these gemstones can retain their beauty and value for many years, serving as a lasting reminder of the December season and its rich cultural heritage.