December 26th, like many other dates in the calendar, is associated with a set of gemstones that hold both historical significance and modern appeal. While the traditional December birthstone is turquoise, the list has expanded over time to include tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz. These four gemstones are recognized for their distinct blue hues and symbolic meanings, making them popular choices for jewelry and personal adornment. This article delves into the gemological properties, historical origins, cultural symbolism, and practical considerations for each of these December birthstones.
Introduction
December is unique among the months in that it is associated with four official birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz. Each of these gemstones has its own distinct characteristics, from color and hardness to historical and symbolic significance. Turquoise, in particular, has a long and storied history, dating back thousands of years to ancient civilizations. Tanzanite, on the other hand, is a relatively modern discovery, first identified in the 20th century. Blue zircon and blue topaz offer a balance of durability and beauty, making them excellent choices for everyday wear.
This article will explore each of these gemstones in detail, examining their geological formation, historical uses, and the meanings they hold in different cultures. Additionally, we will discuss the practical aspects of caring for these stones, as well as their value and availability in the modern market.
History and Lore
Turquoise: A Stone of Ancient Significance
Turquoise has been cherished for thousands of years, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt, Persia, and China. The name "turquoise" comes from the French "pierre turquoise," meaning "Turkish stone," as the gem was originally imported through Turkey. Ancient civilizations used turquoise for both decorative and spiritual purposes, believing it to possess protective and healing properties. In Egypt, turquoise was used in amulets and jewelry, often associated with the gods and royalty. In Native American cultures, it was considered a sacred stone, used in rituals and as a symbol of protection and good fortune.
The use of turquoise in jewelry and adornment continued through the centuries, with various cultures attributing different meanings to the stone. In medieval Europe, it was believed to ward off evil and bring good luck. During the Renaissance, it became a popular gemstone among the nobility, often set in gold and used in elaborate pieces of jewelry.
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is the rarest of the December birthstones and was first discovered in 1967 in Tanzania. It was named after the country in which it was found, and its discovery was a significant event in the gemstone world. Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, and it is known for its striking violet-blue color, which can change depending on the angle of light. This phenomenon, known as pleochroism, makes tanzanite a particularly captivating gemstone.
The discovery of tanzanite was relatively recent compared to the other December birthstones, and it quickly gained popularity due to its beauty and rarity. Because it is only found in a specific region of Tanzania, its availability is limited, which contributes to its high value. Tanzanite is often associated with transformation and spiritual growth, making it a popular choice for those seeking a gemstone with deeper meaning.
Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz: Timeless Elegance
Blue zircon and blue topaz are both relatively durable gemstones, making them ideal for everyday wear. Blue zircon has been known to humanity for centuries, with some sources suggesting that it may have been used in ancient times as a form of garnet. However, the modern appreciation for blue zircon began in the 1960s when a method was developed to heat treat the stone and enhance its blue color. This process made blue zircon more accessible and popular in the jewelry market.
Blue topaz, on the other hand, has been known for a long time but gained more recognition in the 20th century. It is one of the hardest December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more resistant to scratches and damage. Blue topaz is available in several shades, including sky blue, Swiss blue, and London blue, each with its own unique characteristics.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise: A Product of Nature and Time
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral that forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits. It is typically found in arid regions, where it can form in the presence of water and mineral-rich soils. The blue color of turquoise is due to the presence of copper, while the greenish hues are the result of iron impurities. The stone is often found in a matrix, which can include dark veins of other minerals such as black limestone or host rock.
The primary sources of turquoise today include the United States, particularly in Arizona and Nevada, as well as Iran, China, and Egypt. Each source produces turquoise with slightly different characteristics, including color and matrix patterns. Turquoise is often mined in small quantities, as it is not a common gemstone and is found in limited locations.
Tanzanite: A Gemstone of Limited Availability
Tanzanite is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near the city of Arusha. It is formed in metamorphic rock and is a result of the geological processes that occurred in that region. The stone is known for its pleochroism, which allows it to display different colors depending on the angle of light. Tanzanite is typically cut in such a way as to emphasize its most desirable color, which is a deep violet-blue.
The rarity of tanzanite is a key factor in its value. Because it is only found in one location in the world, it is considered a unique and precious gemstone. The mining of tanzanite is carefully regulated to ensure its continued availability and to prevent overexploitation of the resource.
Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz: Durable and Diverse
Blue zircon is a type of zircon that has been heat-treated to enhance its blue color. Zircon is a naturally occurring mineral that can be found in various colors, including yellow, brown, and red. However, when heated, zircon can take on a beautiful blue hue. Blue zircon is often found in countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, where it is mined and then treated to enhance its color.
Blue topaz is a naturally occurring gemstone that can be found in several countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. It is typically found in igneous rocks and is often mined in large quantities. Blue topaz is known for its clarity and brilliance, and it is one of the most popular gemstones for everyday wear due to its durability and affordability.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise
- Color: Blue to green, often with a matrix of black or brown veins.
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale.
- Chemical Composition: Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum (CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O).
- Luster: Waxy to subvitreous.
- Transparency: Opaque to translucent.
- Cleavage: Indistinct.
- Specific Gravity: 2.6–2.8.
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.65.
Tanzanite
- Color: Violet-blue to deep blue (pleochroic).
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale.
- Chemical Composition: Calcium aluminum silicate with traces of vanadium (Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)).
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction.
- Specific Gravity: 3.1–3.4.
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.701.
Blue Zircon
- Color: Blue, often with a bright, clear hue.
- Hardness: 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale.
- Chemical Composition: Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄).
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Cleavage: None.
- Specific Gravity: 4.6–4.8.
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.01.
Blue Topaz
- Color: Sky blue, Swiss blue, or London blue.
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale.
- Chemical Composition: Aluminum silicate (Al₂SiO₆).
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction.
- Specific Gravity: 3.4–3.6.
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.63.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. In ancient cultures, it was believed to have the power to ward off evil spirits and bring prosperity to those who wore it. It was also used in rituals and ceremonies, often as a symbol of divine connection. In modern times, turquoise is still valued for its protective qualities and is believed to promote emotional balance and clarity. It is also associated with friendship and communication, making it a popular choice for those who value these traits.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often linked to transformation and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals open their hearts and minds to new possibilities, making it a popular choice for those undergoing significant changes in their lives. The gemstone is also associated with intuition and inner wisdom, making it a valuable tool for meditation and self-reflection. Its pleochroism is seen as a metaphor for the ability to see things from different perspectives, which can be a powerful reminder of the importance of flexibility and adaptability.
Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz
Blue zircon is associated with clarity, wisdom, and a sense of balance. It is believed to help individuals make clear and informed decisions, making it a useful gemstone for those in positions of leadership or decision-making. It is also thought to promote a sense of calm and serenity, which can be particularly beneficial in stressful situations.
Blue topaz, on the other hand, is associated with clarity of thought and communication. It is believed to help individuals express themselves more effectively and with greater confidence. It is also thought to promote a sense of calm and tranquility, making it an excellent choice for those who seek peace and stability in their lives.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise
Due to its relatively low hardness (5–6 on the Mohs scale), turquoise is a delicate gemstone that requires careful handling. It should be avoided in environments where it could be exposed to harsh chemicals or abrasives. When cleaning turquoise, it is best to use a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be exposed to excessive heat or direct sunlight, as this can cause it to dry out and lose its color.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is also a relatively soft gemstone (6–7 on the Mohs scale), and it has a perfect cleavage in one direction, making it susceptible to chipping or breaking if not handled properly. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, and it should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches. It should also be avoided in environments with extreme temperatures or humidity.
Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz
Blue zircon (6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale) and blue topaz (8 on the Mohs scale) are both more durable than turquoise and tanzanite. However, they still require some care to maintain their beauty. Blue zircon can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, and it is less sensitive to heat and chemicals than the other December birthstones. Blue topaz is the hardest of the four December birthstones and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap or even with ultrasonic cleaning. It is also less sensitive to heat and chemicals, making it an excellent choice for everyday wear.
Conclusion
December 26th is associated with four gemstones—turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz—each of which has its own unique characteristics and significance. Turquoise, with its ancient history and protective symbolism, remains a popular choice for those who value tradition and spiritual connection. Tanzanite, with its striking pleochroism and association with transformation, is a gemstone of modern appeal and rarity. Blue zircon and blue topaz, with their durability and clarity, offer practical options for everyday wear and personal adornment.
Whether you are drawn to the deep blue hues of turquoise, the shifting colors of tanzanite, the brilliance of blue zircon, or the clarity of blue topaz, each of these gemstones has its own story to tell. They are not only beautiful but also rich in history, symbolism, and meaning. As you explore the world of December birthstones, consider the unique qualities of each gemstone and how it might resonate with your own journey and experiences.