Turquoise is a gemstone rich in history, symbolism, and aesthetic appeal, making it a cherished December birthstone with a legacy that spans thousands of years. From the royal courts of ancient Egypt to the sacred traditions of Native American tribes, turquoise has captivated cultures across time and geography. This article explores the gemological properties, cultural significance, and practical care of turquoise, all grounded in the information from authoritative sources.
Turquoise is not only a visually striking gemstone but also a symbol of protection, good fortune, and spiritual connection. Its unique blue-to-green hues, formed by the presence of copper, aluminum, zinc, and iron, have made it a favorite among jewelers and collectors. As one of the traditional December birthstones, turquoise has deep roots in both historical and modern gemstone lore. In 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers officially designated it as a December birthstone, and it has since been associated with the zodiac sign of Sagittarius. Additionally, turquoise marks the 11th wedding anniversary, a milestone often celebrated with turquoise jewelry.
This article will delve into the rich history of turquoise, its geological formation, and its cultural and spiritual symbolism. We will also explore the practical aspects of caring for this delicate gemstone, ensuring its beauty endures for generations.
History and Lore
Turquoise has a long and storied history that traces back to some of the earliest civilizations. Archaeological evidence suggests that the gemstone was used as early as 7000 BCE in burial sites in western Iran. Ancient China also played a role in the early appreciation of turquoise, with artisans carving it over 3,000 years ago. In ancient Egypt, turquoise was considered a holy stone, associated with the goddess Hathor, who was also known as the "lady of turquoise." The Egyptians believed that turquoise brought good luck, fertility, vegetation, and even improved a warrior’s accuracy.
The name "turquoise" itself is derived from the French term pierre tourques, meaning "Turkish stone," which dates back to the 13th century. This name was given because much of the turquoise traded in Europe during that time came from Turkey, although the stone had been mined in the region of ancient Persia (modern-day Iran) for over 1,000 years before that.
In ancient Egypt, turquoise was often fashioned into amulets, beads, and small objects. It was also set into gold necklaces and rings, with the inlay frequently carved into the shape of a scarab beetle. The scarab was associated with the morning sun and the god Khepri, the deity of the rising sun, and was a common motif in amulets. These pieces were not only decorative but also carried deep symbolic meaning, believed to offer protection and divine favor.
Turquoise was also significant in the Americas, particularly among Native American tribes. The Apache believed that turquoise could be found by following a rainbow to its end, and they thought that attaching it to a bow or firearm made one’s aim more accurate. The Pueblo people believed that turquoise got its color from the sky, while the Hopi thought the gem was produced by lizards scurrying over the earth. These diverse beliefs highlight the universal appeal of turquoise and its deep spiritual significance.
In Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure and is believed to grant health, good fortune, and protection from evil. December's birthstone is also said to impart peace to those who wear it. In European tradition, the gift of a turquoise ring is a symbol of "forget me not," further emphasizing its emotional and symbolic value.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a hydrous phosphate of aluminum and copper, and it forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits. The presence of copper gives it its characteristic blue color, while the presence of iron and zinc can result in variations of green and yellow. The gemstone is often found in association with other minerals and is known for its matrix patterns—veins of the host rock that run through the turquoise. These matrix patterns can range from subtle to prominent, depending on the source and the conditions under which the turquoise formed.
Turquoise is found in several regions around the world, including Iran, China, Mexico, the Middle East, Kazakhstan, and the United States. The Nishapur district of Iran has been a significant source of turquoise for over 1,000 years. The prized even-colored, intense blue turquoise from this region is known as "robin’s egg blue," "sky blue," or "Persian blue." These terms are now used by trade professionals to describe turquoise of this color, regardless of the source.
In the United States, turquoise is found in the southwestern states, including Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada. These regions are known for producing turquoise with distinct matrix patterns, which are often considered highly valuable. The Ancient Egyptians mined turquoise in the Sinai region around 5500 BCE, making it one of the earliest known sources of the gemstone.
The process of mining and extracting turquoise is often delicate, as the gemstone is relatively soft and can be easily damaged. Turquoise is often stabilized to enhance its durability and color. Stabilization involves treating the stone with resins or other materials to fill in pores and strengthen the structure. This process can affect the value and authenticity of the gemstone, and it is an important consideration for collectors and jewelers.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gemstone that ranges in color from blue to green. The color variation is due to the presence of different minerals, with copper giving the stone its blue hue and iron contributing to a greenish tone. The presence of zinc can result in a yellowish hue. The most sought-after colors of turquoise are "Robin's Egg Blue," "Sky Blue," and "Persian Blue," which are known for their vibrant and even coloring.
The hardness of turquoise on the Mohs scale is between 5 and 6, making it a relatively soft gemstone. This low hardness means that turquoise is susceptible to scratches and abrasions, and it requires careful handling and protection. The gemstone also has a specific gravity of approximately 2.6 to 2.8 and a refractive index that typically ranges from 1.61 to 1.65. These properties make turquoise a unique and versatile gemstone, suitable for a variety of jewelry designs.
Turquoise can be found in various forms, including cabochons, beads, and inlay work. It is often set in silver, which complements its colors and enhances its beauty. The gemstone is also used in a wide range of jewelry, from rings and pendants to earrings and bracelets. However, due to its softness, turquoise is not typically used in engagement rings or other jewelry that is subject to frequent wear and tear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise has been associated with numerous symbolic and metaphysical beliefs across different cultures and time periods. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to bring good luck, fertility, vegetation, and joy. The gemstone was also thought to improve a warrior’s accuracy, making it a valuable item for soldiers and hunters. The Ancient Egyptians fashioned turquoise into amulets, beads, and other small objects, which were used in ceremonies and as protective charms.
In ancient Persia, turquoise was used in palace domes, as its blue color was thought to resemble the sky and heavens. The Persians also believed that turquoise could change color to warn the wearer of pending danger. This belief led to the gemstone being frequently used in dagger handles and as accents on necklaces and turbans.
Native American tribes have their own unique beliefs about turquoise. The Apache believed that the gemstone could be found by following a rainbow to its end, and they thought that attaching it to a bow or firearm made one’s aim more accurate. The Pueblo people believed that turquoise got its color from the sky, while the Hopi thought that the gem was produced by lizards scurrying over the earth. These beliefs highlight the deep spiritual connection that many cultures have with turquoise.
In Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure and is believed to grant health, good fortune, and protection from evil. December's birthstone is also said to impart peace to those who wear it. In European tradition, the gift of a turquoise ring is a symbol of "forget me not," further emphasizing its emotional and symbolic value.
Turquoise has also been associated with various beneficial powers. From the 13th century on, it was believed to protect the wearer from falling, especially off horses, and would break into several pieces at the approach of disaster. Hindu mystics maintained that seeing a turquoise after beholding the new moon ensured fantastic wealth. These beliefs have contributed to the gemstone's enduring popularity and its use in both historical and modern jewelry.
Care and Cleaning
Given its relatively low hardness and sensitivity to certain substances, turquoise requires special care to maintain its beauty and integrity. The gemstone is susceptible to damage from makeup, perfume, and natural oils, which can cause discoloration and degradation over time. Direct sunlight can also have a negative impact on turquoise, causing the color to fade or change.
To clean turquoise jewelry, it is recommended to use a mixture of warm water and mild dish soap. The piece should be gently cleaned with a soft cloth or brush to remove dirt and debris. It is important to avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone. After cleaning, the turquoise should be dried with a soft, lint-free cloth to prevent water spots.
When wearing turquoise jewelry, it is best to avoid activities that involve heavy impact or friction. Turquoise is best suited for earrings, pendants, and bracelets, as these types of jewelry are less likely to be subjected to wear and tear. Engagement rings and other rings that are worn frequently are not ideal for turquoise, as the gemstone can easily be damaged.
Storing turquoise properly is also essential. The gemstone should be kept in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and sources of heat. It is best to store turquoise separately from other gemstones, as it can be scratched by harder stones. Using a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box can help protect the gemstone from dust and damage.
Conclusion
Turquoise is a gemstone of extraordinary beauty and historical significance. From its ancient roots in Egypt to its modern status as a December birthstone, turquoise has captivated cultures around the world. Its unique blue-to-green hues, rich symbolism, and versatile uses in jewelry make it a cherished gemstone for both collectors and wearers alike. Despite its softness and sensitivity, proper care and handling can ensure that turquoise remains a lasting and valuable part of any jewelry collection.
Whether worn for its protective properties, its association with good fortune, or simply for its aesthetic appeal, turquoise continues to be a symbol of connection to the past and a source of inspiration for the future.