December is a month rich in tradition, celebration, and symbolism. Among its many cultural associations, one of the most fascinating is its connection to gemstones. December is the only month with four officially recognized birthstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz. These gemstones, each with unique properties and histories, reflect the cool, tranquil tones of winter and are deeply rooted in both ancient lore and modern jewelry traditions.
This article explores the origins, gemological properties, cultural significance, and practical considerations of these December birthstones. It provides a comprehensive overview of each stone, drawing on historical and scientific sources to present an accurate and informative guide for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
Introduction
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months has its roots in ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia and the Roman Empire. Over time, these associations have evolved, incorporating new discoveries and cultural influences. December holds a special place in this tradition, as it is the only month with multiple official birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz—each with distinct characteristics and meanings.
These gemstones are not only prized for their beauty but also for the symbolic and spiritual values they carry. Some are believed to bring protection, wisdom, and calm, while others are associated with the elements and planetary influences. This article will examine each of these stones in depth, covering their geological formation, historical use, gemological properties, and cultural significance.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back to the 1st century AD, when the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder documented 12 gemstones, each associated with a month of the year. This practice was further developed in the 14th century by the Swiss naturalist Kunz, who compiled a list of gemstones for each month, which eventually evolved into the modern birthstone chart we know today.
December’s birthstones have undergone several changes over time. Originally, only Turquoise and Zircon were considered December’s gemstones. However, in the 20th century, the list expanded to include Blue Topaz and Tanzanite, the latter being the most recent addition in 2002.
Turquoise: The Ancient Stone of Protection
Turquoise has been used for thousands of years in jewelry, amulets, and sacred objects. Its name comes from the French word "turquoise," meaning "Turkish," as it was once believed to come from Turkey. In reality, the finest turquoise historically came from Iran, where it was mined and used by ancient Persian and Mesopotamian cultures.
In many ancient civilizations, turquoise was considered a sacred stone. The Indians of the American Southwest believed it brought protection and good fortune, while the Egyptians used it in burial masks and amulets to ensure safe passage to the afterlife. Turquoise was also used by the Chinese, Persians, and Mesoamerican cultures for similar purposes.
Tanzanite: The Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is the newest of the December birthstones, discovered in 1967 in Tanzania by a Masai herdsman. It was named after its country of origin and quickly gained popularity due to its striking blue-violet color and relatively low hardness. Tanzanite is unique in that it is only found in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
The stone was popularized by Tiffany & Co., which played a key role in its marketing and commercialization. Its vibrant color and rarity made it an instant favorite among jewelers and collectors.
Blue Zircon: A Stone of Ancient Power
Zircon is an ancient gemstone that has been used in jewelry for centuries. The blue variety of zircon was not a naturally occurring color until the 20th century, when it was developed through heat treatment. This process transformed the stone into its now-popular blue form, which resembles sapphire and is highly valued for its brilliance and clarity.
Zircon has been used in ancient jewelry and religious artifacts. It was once believed to possess protective and healing properties, and it was also associated with the planet Jupiter, which was thought to govern wisdom and prosperity.
Blue Topaz: The Preferred December Stone
Blue topaz is the most durable of the December birthstones and is often recommended for daily wear. It is a treated stone, with its blue color achieved through irradiation or heat treatment. This process makes it more affordable and accessible than other blue gemstones like sapphire.
Blue topaz is often used in engagement rings and everyday jewelry due to its hardness (8 on the Mohs scale) and its ability to reflect light beautifully. It is considered a symbol of calmness, protection, and serenity.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the December birthstones is formed through unique geological processes and is found in specific locations around the world. Understanding the origins of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity, beauty, and value.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(Cu)(PO₄)₂(OH)₂·4H₂O. It is typically found in hydrothermal deposits and weathered copper ores, particularly in arid regions where it can form in the presence of water and copper.
The most famous sources of turquoise include: - Iran (Nishapur) – Known for producing some of the finest and most valuable turquoise in history. - United States (Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada) – The American Southwest is one of the most significant sources of turquoise in the modern era. - Tibet and India – These regions have also been historical sources of turquoise, used in both jewelry and sacred objects.
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 5–6, making it prone to scratching and damage if not handled carefully.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral columbite, with the chemical formula CaAl₂(BO₃)(SiO₄)(OH)₂. It is formed under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions in metamorphic rocks, particularly in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, where it is the only place on Earth where it occurs naturally.
Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, violet, and red—depending on the angle of light. This property, along with its relatively low hardness (6–7 on the Mohs scale), makes it a delicate but visually stunning gemstone.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It occurs in a wide range of colors, including yellow, brown, red, and green, but the blue variety is the most popular as a gemstone.
Blue zircon is created through heat treatment, which transforms its color from brown or red to blue. The process enhances its brilliance and clarity, making it an attractive and affordable alternative to sapphire.
Zircon is found in many parts of the world, including: - Australia - India - Vietnam - Brazil
It has a Mohs hardness of 6–7.5, making it more durable than turquoise but less so than blue topaz.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It is one of the hardest gemstones, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it ideal for everyday wear.
The blue color of blue topaz is achieved through irradiation or heat treatment, which alters the stone’s color from its natural yellow or brown. The most popular blue topaz is Swiss blue topaz, known for its vibrant blue tones and superior clarity.
The primary sources of topaz include: - Brazil - Myanmar (Burma) - United States (Colorado, California)
Blue topaz is one of the most affordable gemstones in the December birthstone group, making it a popular choice for rings, pendants, and earrings.
Gemological Properties of December Birthstones
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties of the December birthstones:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Origin Locations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Al₂(Cu)(PO₄)₂(OH)₂·4H₂O | Sky blue, greenish-blue | 5–6 | Iran, USA, Tibet, India |
| Tanzanite | CaAl₂(BO₃)(SiO₄)(OH)₂ | Blue, violet, red | 6–7 | Tanzania |
| Blue Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | Blue (treated) | 6–7.5 | Australia, India, Vietnam, Brazil |
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Blue (treated) | 8 | Brazil, Myanmar, USA |
These properties influence how each gemstone is used in jewelry, cared for, and valued in the market. For example, tanzanite is not recommended for engagement rings due to its lower hardness, while blue topaz is a popular choice for everyday wear due to its durability and affordability.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the December birthstones carries its own set of symbolic and spiritual meanings. These beliefs vary across cultures and time periods but often reflect common themes of protection, wisdom, and serenity.
Turquoise: Protection and Calm
Turquoise has long been associated with protection and good fortune. It was used as a sacred stone in many ancient cultures and was believed to provide spiritual guidance and physical protection. The Indians of the American Southwest used it in ceremonial jewelry and amulets, believing it to be a guardian stone that could ward off evil and promote health.
In modern times, turquoise is still used in spiritual jewelry and is believed to promote calmness, honesty, and self-expression.
Tanzanite: Transformation and Wisdom
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, healing, and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals release old patterns, embrace new perspectives, and connect with higher wisdom. Tanzanite is also associated with the third eye chakra, which is linked to intuition and psychic awareness.
Its rarity and vibrant color make it a symbol of uniqueness and individuality.
Blue Zircon: Clarity and Prosperity
Blue zircon is believed to bring clarity of thought, emotional stability, and prosperity. It was associated with the planet Jupiter, which was thought to govern wisdom, luck, and abundance. In ancient times, zircon was used in protective amulets and healing rituals.
Modern practitioners use blue zircon to enhance mental focus, emotional balance, and positive energy.
Blue Topaz: Calm and Positivity
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, serenity, and emotional healing. It is believed to help individuals release stress, anxiety, and negative emotions, promoting inner peace and tranquility. Blue topaz is also associated with truth, honesty, and self-expression, making it a popular stone for those seeking emotional clarity and confidence.
In jewelry, blue topaz is often used in engagement rings and daily wear, where its durability and beauty make it a practical and meaningful choice.
Care and Cleaning of December Birthstones
Proper care is essential for maintaining the beauty and value of any gemstone. Here are some general guidelines for caring for the December birthstones:
Turquoise
- Avoid exposure to water and chemicals, as turquoise is a porous stone that can be easily damaged.
- Store separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
- Clean with a soft, dry cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners.
Tanzanite
- Avoid high heat and harsh chemicals, as tanzanite can be sensitive to these conditions.
- Store in a soft pouch or box to prevent scratches.
- Clean with a mild detergent and a soft cloth.
Blue Zircon
- Avoid exposure to high heat, as zircon can be sensitive to temperature changes.
- Use a soft brush and mild detergent to clean.
- Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, which can cause damage.
Blue Topaz
- Can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
- Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for blue topaz.
- Avoid exposure to high heat, as it can affect the color of the stone.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz—each carry a unique blend of beauty, history, and symbolism. From the ancient sacred stone of turquoise to the modern marvel of tanzanite, these gemstones reflect the rich and evolving tradition of birthstones.
Whether chosen for their spiritual properties, gemological characteristics, or aesthetic appeal, these stones offer something for every December-born individual. Understanding their formation, properties, and care allows for a deeper appreciation of these gemstones and ensures they can be enjoyed for generations to come.