September is graced with two exquisite birthstones—Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli. These gemstones, each with a rich history and unique properties, have captivated the human imagination for centuries. While Sapphire is widely recognized as the primary birthstone for September, Lapis Lazuli holds a significant place as an alternative. Both stones are associated with deep blue hues, evoking a sense of calm, wisdom, and nobility. This article explores the geological formation, historical significance, symbolic meaning, and practical care of these remarkable gemstones, drawing from authoritative sources in gemology and cultural history.
Introduction
September's birthstones, Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli, are more than just beautiful gemstones; they are carriers of rich symbolism and historical significance. Sapphire, in particular, is celebrated for its deep blue color and association with truth, loyalty, and wisdom. Lapis Lazuli, with its striking blue and golden flecks, is also revered for its metaphysical properties and use in ancient art. Both gemstones have been treasured by royalty and scholars alike and continue to be popular choices in jewelry and spiritual practices.
This article delves into the origins and meanings of these gemstones, their geological properties, and their roles in various cultures throughout history. It also provides practical advice on how to care for and maintain these precious stones. By exploring the multifaceted nature of Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli, we gain a deeper appreciation for their enduring legacy in the world of gemstones.
History and Lore
Sapphire: The Stone of Royalty and Wisdom
Sapphire has long been a symbol of royalty, wisdom, and spiritual insight. Its name is derived from the Latin sapphirus and the Greek sappheiros, both meaning "blue." The deep blue color of Sapphire has made it a favored gemstone among monarchs and religious leaders. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed that blue sapphires could protect the wearer from harm and envy. During the Middle Ages, sapphire was considered a sacred stone, representing Heaven and divine wisdom. Clerics wore sapphires to symbolize their spiritual purity and connection to the divine.
The September birthstone has also been associated with healing properties in various historical traditions. In medieval Europe, sapphire was believed to cure plague boils and diseases of the eye. It was also considered an antidote to poison, a belief that further elevated its status among the elite. Sapphire's association with royalty is exemplified by the famous Rockefellar Sapphire, a 62.02 carat stone unearthed in Myanmar (Burma), which has been a symbol of elegance and prestige.
Lapis Lazuli: The Stone of Ancient Scholars and Artists
Lapis Lazuli, the alternative birthstone for September, has a history equally rich and storied. Known for its deep blue color and flecks of gold, lapis lazuli was highly prized in ancient Egypt. Pharaoh Tutankhamun's sarcophagus was adorned with this gemstone, indicating its importance in funerary rites and the afterlife. The stone was also ground into a fine powder to create the ultramarine pigment, a color so highly prized in medieval Europe that it was more valuable than gold. This pigment was used in religious paintings and illuminated manuscripts, symbolizing the divine and the sacred.
In addition to its artistic uses, lapis lazuli was believed to promote mental clarity and serenity. It was a favored choice among scholars and spiritual seekers, who believed it enhanced intuition and wisdom. The stone's association with calm and insight made it a popular talisman for those seeking balance and inner peace.
Geological Formation and Sources
The Formation of Sapphire
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). What distinguishes sapphire from other corundum varieties is the trace elements that cause its color. The deep blue color of sapphire is primarily due to the presence of iron and titanium. The intensity of the blue can vary depending on the concentration of these elements.
Sapphires form deep within the Earth's crust, typically in metamorphic rocks such as marble and in igneous rocks like basalt. The process of formation requires high pressure and temperature, which allow the aluminum oxide to crystallize over millions of years. Once formed, sapphires are brought to the surface through tectonic activity and erosion, where they can be mined.
The most famous sources of sapphire include Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Kashmir. Each of these locations produces sapphires with unique characteristics. For example, Kashmir sapphires are known for their velvety blue color, while Sri Lankan sapphires are prized for their clarity and brilliance.
The Formation of Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate. The deep blue color of lapis lazuli is due to the presence of sulfur compounds within the lazurite structure. The golden flecks visible in lapis lazuli are typically pyrite, a mineral composed of iron sulfide.
Lapis lazuli forms in regions where limestone is subjected to high pressure and low temperature. This process causes the limestone to recrystallize and mix with other minerals, resulting in the formation of lapis lazuli. The most famous source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other notable sources include Russia, Chile, and Argentina.
The mining of lapis lazuli is a labor-intensive process, as the stone is often found in veins within other types of rock. Miners must carefully extract the lapis lazuli without damaging its delicate structure. Once extracted, the stone is cut and polished to reveal its stunning blue and gold colors.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire: A Durable and Versatile Gemstone
Sapphire is renowned for its durability and brilliance. On the Mohs scale of hardness, sapphire ranks a 9, second only to diamond. This high hardness makes it ideal for use in everyday jewelry, as it is resistant to scratches and wear. Sapphire also has a high refractive index, which contributes to its exceptional sparkle and fire.
The color of sapphire can vary widely, from light blue to deep indigo. While blue sapphires are the most well-known, sapphires can also be found in shades of pink, yellow, green, and even colorless. The presence of trace elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, and vanadium determines the color of the gemstone.
Sapphire is also known for its excellent clarity. Many sapphires are free of visible inclusions, making them ideal for jewelry that requires a high level of transparency. However, some sapphires do contain inclusions, which can add character and uniqueness to the stone. These inclusions are often referred to as "silk" and can enhance the gemstone's appearance by scattering light.
Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Color and Complexity
Lapis lazuli is a unique gemstone in that it is a rock rather than a single mineral. Its composition includes lazurite, calcite, and pyrite, each of which contributes to its appearance. The deep blue color of lapis lazuli is due to lazurite, while the white streaks are calcite and the golden flecks are pyrite.
Lapis lazuli is relatively soft compared to sapphire, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more susceptible to scratches and damage, so it requires careful handling and storage. Despite its lower hardness, lapis lazuli is still a popular choice for jewelry and decorative objects due to its vibrant color and intricate patterns.
The refractive index of lapis lazuli is relatively low compared to sapphire, which means it does not sparkle as much. However, its deep blue color and golden flecks create a unique and captivating appearance that is highly valued in both jewelry and spiritual practices.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sapphire: A Stone of Wisdom and Protection
Sapphire has long been associated with wisdom, loyalty, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed to connect the wearer with the heavens and promote spiritual insight. The stone was also thought to protect against negative energy and bring a sense of calm and clarity.
In modern metaphysical practices, sapphire is believed to enhance mental clarity and communication. It is associated with the throat chakra, which governs self-expression and truth. Sapphire is also linked to the third eye chakra, which is responsible for intuition and mental clarity. By balancing these chakras, sapphire is believed to help individuals make wise decisions and communicate effectively.
Sapphire is also associated with the element of air and water, symbolizing freedom, movement, and emotional depth. It is believed to promote inner peace and protect against negative influences, making it a popular choice for those seeking balance and harmony in their lives.
Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Inner Peace and Intuition
Lapis lazuli is revered for its ability to promote inner peace and enhance intuition. In ancient times, it was believed to help scholars and spiritual seekers achieve a higher level of understanding and insight. The stone was also thought to bring a sense of calm and serenity, making it a favored choice for meditation and spiritual practices.
In modern metaphysical traditions, lapis lazuli is associated with the throat and third eye chakras. It is believed to enhance communication, self-expression, and intuition. The stone is also thought to promote emotional balance and help individuals overcome stress and anxiety. By stimulating the third eye chakra, lapis lazuli is believed to enhance mental clarity and spiritual awareness.
Lapis lazuli is also linked to the element of air and water, symbolizing freedom, movement, and emotional depth. It is believed to help individuals connect with their inner selves and achieve a greater sense of purpose and direction.
Care and Cleaning
Caring for Sapphire
Sapphire is a durable gemstone, but it still requires proper care to maintain its beauty and longevity. Because of its high hardness, sapphire is resistant to scratches and wear, making it suitable for everyday use. However, it can still be damaged by harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
To clean sapphire jewelry, use a soft brush, mild soap, and warm water. Gently scrub the gemstone and rinse it thoroughly. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can damage the gemstone or any surrounding materials. Store sapphire jewelry separately to prevent scratching, and avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals such as bleach or ammonia.
Caring for Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli requires more delicate care due to its lower hardness and susceptibility to scratches. Because it is a softer gemstone, it should be handled with care to avoid damage. Avoid exposing lapis lazuli to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can dull its surface or cause it to lose its luster.
To clean lapis lazuli jewelry, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Gently wipe the surface of the gemstone and avoid scrubbing, as this can cause scratches. Store lapis lazuli separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching, and avoid exposing it to direct sunlight or extreme temperatures.
Conclusion
September's birthstones, Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli, are two of the most captivating and meaningful gemstones in the world. Their deep blue hues, rich histories, and symbolic meanings have made them beloved by royalty, scholars, and spiritual seekers throughout the centuries. Sapphire, with its association with wisdom, loyalty, and protection, continues to be a symbol of nobility and truth. Lapis Lazuli, with its intricate patterns and calming properties, is revered for its ability to promote inner peace and intuition.
Both gemstones have unique geological properties that contribute to their beauty and durability. Sapphire's high hardness and brilliance make it an ideal choice for everyday jewelry, while Lapis Lazuli's softer nature requires careful handling and storage. Despite their differences, both stones share a common legacy of beauty and significance, making them cherished possessions for those born in September.
Whether used in jewelry, spiritual practices, or as a symbol of personal meaning, Sapphire and Lapis Lazuli continue to inspire and captivate. Their enduring legacy is a testament to the timeless allure of gemstones and the deep connections they forge between nature, history, and human experience.