December, the final month of the year, is symbolically linked with winter and renewal. This association is reflected in the choice of its birthstones, all of which are blue or blue-green in hue. The four officially recognized birthstones for December—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Blue Topaz—each possess distinct colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. While they all share a common blue or blue-green palette, they differ significantly in hardness, rarity, and market value.
This article explores the gemological properties, historical significance, cultural lore, and practical considerations for jewelry of each of these December birthstones. We will delve into the unique characteristics of each stone, their origins, and the symbolism they carry across cultures and time.
Historical and Cultural Significance
December is unique among the months in that it is the only month with four officially recognized birthstones. This distinction reflects the month’s cultural and geological richness. Historically, December had only a few designated birthstones, but the list has expanded to include additional gems that serve as alternatives or complements. This expansion was driven by practical considerations such as availability, durability, and affordability, as well as evolving cultural and commercial trends.
Turquoise: The Traditional December Birthstone
Turquoise has been a revered gemstone for millennia. The name Turquoise comes from the French pierre turquoise, meaning "Turkish stone," as the gem was historically brought to Europe from Turkish bazaars. However, the origins of turquoise date back much further. The stone was highly valued in ancient Egypt, where it was used in jewelry and amulets. In Mesoamerican cultures, turquoise was considered sacred and was often used in ceremonial objects and adornments.
Turquoise is known for its vibrant blue-green color, which is caused by the presence of copper. The stone is formed when copper-rich groundwater seeps into the bedrock and reacts with other minerals over time, resulting in an opaque stone with stunning shades of blues and greens. The dark lines and shapes seen in turquoise are derived from the surrounding rock, known as the matrix.
Turquoise is traditionally associated with protection, truth, and calmness. It has been used as a talisman in many cultures to ward off evil and bring good fortune. In the modern era, turquoise remains a popular choice for December birthstone jewelry, especially for those born under the zodiac signs of Sagittarius and Capricorn.
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone in the world of birthstones, first discovered in 1967 in Tanzania. It was named after its country of origin and quickly gained popularity due to its vibrant violet-blue color. Tanzanite is a type of zoisite and is known for its pleochroism, a property that allows it to display different colors when viewed from different angles. The most desirable form of tanzanite exhibits a rich violet-blue hue that can shift under different lighting conditions.
Tanzanite is associated with transformation and new beginnings. It is believed to support emotional healing and clarity of thought. In the context of December birthstones, tanzanite serves as a modern alternative to turquoise, offering a deeper, more dynamic blue.
Zircon: A Timeless Gem
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and has been used in jewelry for centuries. The blue variety of zircon is particularly popular and is often used as an alternative December birthstone. Zircon is known for its brilliance and fire, which make it an attractive option for those who prefer a gemstone with a high refractive index.
Zircon is associated with clarity, wisdom, and balance. It is believed to enhance one's ability to make clear decisions and maintain emotional stability. Zircon is also considered a protective stone, helping to ward off negative energies and promoting inner strength.
Blue Topaz: A Durable and Affordable Option
Blue topaz is a more recent addition to the list of December birthstones. It is a popular choice for those who seek a durable and affordable gemstone that still retains the traditional blue hue associated with December. Blue topaz is created through irradiation and heat treatment, which enhances its color and makes it suitable for jewelry.
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, clarity, and self-expression. It is believed to help individuals express their thoughts and emotions with clarity and confidence. In the context of December birthstones, blue topaz offers a practical and versatile option for jewelry lovers.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the December birthstones has a unique geological formation process and is sourced from different locations around the world.
Turquoise
Turquoise is formed by the interaction of copper-rich groundwater with other minerals in the bedrock. This process takes place over thousands of years and results in an opaque stone with a range of blue and green hues. The most famous sources of turquoise include Iran, the United States (particularly Arizona and Nevada), Tibet, and India. Each of these regions produces turquoise with distinct characteristics, such as the presence of matrix patterns or the intensity of the blue color.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is found exclusively in Tanzania, where it is mined from the Merelani Hills. The geological conditions in this area are unique and have allowed for the formation of this rare and beautiful gemstone. Tanzanite is typically found in metamorphic rocks and is often associated with other minerals such as gold and quartz.
Zircon
Zircon is found in a variety of geological settings, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The blue variety of zircon is formed through irradiation and heat treatment, which enhances its color and makes it suitable for jewelry. Zircon is sourced from various parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, and Thailand.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a synthetic gemstone that is created through irradiation and heat treatment. This process enhances the natural color of the stone and makes it more vibrant and desirable for jewelry. Blue topaz is typically sourced from Brazil, but it is also produced in other countries through laboratory processes.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones has distinct gemological properties that make them suitable for jewelry and other uses.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral that is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more delicate than many other gemstones and requires careful handling and care. Turquoise is opaque and is known for its vibrant blue-green color. The stone is often used in jewelry such as rings, earrings, and pendants.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite and has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is a pleochroic gemstone, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite is known for its rich violet-blue color and is often used in rings, earrings, and pendants. The stone is relatively fragile and should be handled with care.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral that has a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale. It is known for its brilliance and fire, which make it an attractive option for jewelry. Zircon is available in a range of colors, but the blue variety is particularly popular as a December birthstone. The stone is often used in rings, earrings, and pendants.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral that has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it a durable and practical choice for jewelry. Blue topaz is known for its vibrant blue color and is often used in rings, earrings, and pendants. The stone is relatively affordable and is a popular choice for those who seek a durable and versatile gemstone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the December birthstones carries its own symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties.
Turquoise
Turquoise is associated with protection, truth, and calmness. It is believed to ward off evil and bring good fortune. In many cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone and is used in ceremonial objects and adornments. It is also believed to promote inner peace and emotional balance.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with transformation and new beginnings. It is believed to support emotional healing and clarity of thought. In the context of December birthstones, tanzanite is often worn to promote emotional balance and support personal growth.
Zircon
Zircon is associated with clarity, wisdom, and balance. It is believed to enhance one's ability to make clear decisions and maintain emotional stability. Zircon is also considered a protective stone, helping to ward off negative energies and promote inner strength.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, clarity, and self-expression. It is believed to help individuals express their thoughts and emotions with clarity and confidence. In the context of December birthstones, blue topaz is often worn to support communication and emotional well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstone jewelry.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone that requires careful handling and cleaning. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Exposure to harsh chemicals and prolonged sunlight should be avoided, as these can cause the stone to fade or become damaged.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively fragile gemstone that should be handled with care. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Exposure to harsh chemicals and prolonged sunlight should be avoided, as these can cause the stone to lose its color and become damaged.
Zircon
Zircon is a relatively durable gemstone that can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Exposure to harsh chemicals and prolonged sunlight should be avoided, as these can cause the stone to become discolored or damaged.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It is resistant to scratches and can be worn daily without much concern. Exposure to harsh chemicals and prolonged sunlight should be avoided, as these can cause the stone to become discolored or damaged.
Conclusion
December is a month rich in symbolism and tradition, and its four official birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Blue Topaz—each carry their own unique beauty and significance. From the ancient reverence of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, these gemstones reflect the diversity and richness of the month's cultural and geological heritage.
Whether you are drawn to the vibrant blue of turquoise, the deep violet-blue of tanzanite, the brilliant clarity of zircon, or the calm and elegant blue of topaz, each of these December birthstones offers a unique and meaningful choice for jewelry and personal adornment. Their varied properties, origins, and symbolic meanings make them a wonderful way to celebrate the month of December and honor the individuality of those born during this time.