December, the final month of the year, is symbolically rich, marking the end of the calendar cycle and the beginning of a new one. For those born in this month, the symbolism is reflected not only in the season but also in their birthstones—three gemstones that capture the essence of the month through their color, rarity, and cultural significance. The December birthstones are Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon, each representing different aspects of wisdom, protection, and transformation. These stones are all predominantly blue, a hue often associated with serenity, truth, and calmness. This article delves into the geological properties, historical context, symbolic meanings, and care instructions for these gemstones, drawing from authoritative sources to provide a comprehensive overview.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The tradition of associating gemstones with birth months dates back centuries, with roots in ancient cultures that believed gemstones held protective and healing properties. The December birthstone tradition is no exception, featuring a trio of gemstones that have each played a significant role in history and culture.
Turquoise, the oldest of the three, has been revered for thousands of years across various civilizations. The earliest recorded use of turquoise dates back to ancient Egypt, where it was used in jewelry and inlay work for royal artifacts. It was also highly valued by Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo and Zuni, who believed in its protective and spiritual powers. The name "turquoise" comes from the French pierre turquoise, meaning "Turkish stone," as it was initially brought to Europe through Turkish traders.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is a relatively modern discovery. Found in 1967 in Tanzania, it was officially introduced as a birthstone in the late 20th century. Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its striking violet-blue color and trichroism, meaning it can display different colors depending on the angle of light. Due to its limited geographic source—specifically the area near Mount Kilimanjaro—tanzanite is considered one of the rarest gemstones in the world. It quickly became a symbol of transformation and new beginnings, making it a fitting addition to the December birthstone lineup.
Zircon, particularly its blue variety, has been used in jewelry for centuries. While zircon is one of the oldest known minerals, its use as a December birthstone highlights its versatility and brilliance. Blue zircon is prized for its fire and clarity, often rivaling that of diamonds. It symbolizes wisdom and balance, making it a popular choice for those born in December who are drawn to the intellectual and philosophical aspects of gemstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the formation of a gemstone provides insight into its rarity and beauty. Each of December’s birthstones has a unique geological background.
Turquoise
Turquoise is an opaque mineral formed through a chemical process involving copper and aluminum. It is typically found in arid regions where the interaction of groundwater and minerals in the bedrock creates the distinctive blue and green hues. The dark veins and patterns visible in turquoise, known as matrix, are derived from the surrounding rock. Major sources of turquoise include Iran, the United States (particularly Arizona and Nevada), Tibet, and India. The presence of copper in the groundwater is essential for the formation of turquoise, making its creation a rare and complex natural phenomenon.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a metamorphic gemstone, meaning it is formed through the transformation of existing minerals under intense heat and pressure. It is found only in a small area of northern Tanzania near Mount Kilimanjaro, making it one of the few gemstones with a single known source. This geographical restriction is the primary reason for tanzanite’s rarity. The gemstone’s violet-blue color is due to the presence of vanadium and is enhanced through heat treatment, a common and accepted practice in the gem trade.
Zircon
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals found to be over 4 billion years old. It forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is found in various parts of the world, including Australia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Blue zircon, the most popular variety for December, is created through irradiation and heat treatment, which enhances its blue coloration. Despite these treatments, zircon remains a durable and beautiful gemstone that is well-suited for jewelry.
Comparative Table: December Birthstones
| Gemstone | Color Palette | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Primary Source(s) | Formation Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Sky blue, greenish-blue | 5–6 | Iran, USA, Tibet, India | Sedimentary |
| Tanzanite | Violet-blue, purple, burgundy | 6–7 | Tanzania | Metamorphic |
| Zircon | Bright blue, gold, red, brown | 7.5–8 | Australia, Sri Lanka | Igneous/Metamorphic |
Gemological Properties
Each of December’s birthstones possesses distinct gemological characteristics that contribute to their appeal and suitability for jewelry.
Turquoise
- Color: Ranges from sky blue to greenish-blue, often with brown or black matrix patterns.
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and prone to scratches and damage.
- Clarity: Typically opaque, with the matrix patterns adding to its visual character.
- Luster: Waxy to greasy.
- Chemical Composition: Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum.
- Cleavage: No cleavage, but it is brittle and susceptible to damage from sudden temperature changes or impact.
Tanzanite
- Color: Deep violet-blue with trichroism, meaning it can display blue, purple, or burgundy depending on the angle of light.
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale.
- Clarity: Usually transparent to translucent, with inclusions that are often considered part of its charm.
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy).
- Chemical Composition: Calcium aluminum silicate with vanadium.
- Cleavage: Poor, but it can be fragile and prone to chipping if mishandled.
Zircon
- Color: Blue zircon is the most popular for December, but the gemstone can also appear in gold, red, brown, and colorless varieties.
- Hardness: 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the harder gemstones in the December lineup.
- Clarity: Transparent to translucent.
- Luster: Vitreous to adamantine (diamond-like).
- Chemical Composition: Zirconium silicate.
- Cleavage: None, but it is still a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones carries symbolic and metaphysical meanings that have been passed down through history.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, wisdom, and good fortune. In ancient Egypt, it was used in amulets and placed on mummies to ensure safe passage into the afterlife. In Native American cultures, turquoise was considered a sacred stone that connected the earth and sky. It was believed to promote healing, clarity, and spiritual communication.
In modern times, turquoise continues to be valued for its calming and protective properties. It is often worn as a talisman for travelers and is believed to help with emotional balance and self-expression.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a symbol of transformation and new beginnings. Its trichroism and deep, shifting colors make it a powerful representation of change and adaptability. The gemstone is also associated with emotional healing and spiritual growth. It is often used in meditation and is believed to help individuals connect with their higher selves and open their hearts to new possibilities.
Zircon
Blue zircon is known for its brilliance and clarity, making it a symbol of wisdom and balance. It is often associated with the intellect and is believed to enhance mental clarity and focus. Zircon is also thought to promote emotional stability and is used in jewelry to help wearers maintain a sense of calm and centeredness.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone requires specific handling due to its unique properties.
Turquoise
Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, making it sensitive to harsh chemicals, heat, and moisture. To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth and mild soap with lukewarm water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning, as they can damage the stone. It is also important to keep turquoise away from direct sunlight and extreme temperature changes, as this can cause it to dry out or crack.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm, soapy water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as they can damage the gemstone’s surface. Tanzanite is also sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures. Store it separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Zircon
Zircon is more durable than turquoise and tanzanite but still requires careful handling. Clean blue zircon with a soft cloth and mild soap, and avoid exposure to harsh chemicals. It is also advisable to store zircon away from abrasive materials to maintain its brilliance.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon—represent a rich tapestry of history, culture, and symbolism. Each gemstone brings its own unique qualities, from the protective and ancient significance of Turquoise to the rare and transformative energy of Tanzanite and the brilliant wisdom of Zircon. These blue gems are not only visually striking but also carry deep meanings that have been cherished for centuries. Whether used in jewelry or as a personal talisman, December’s birthstones continue to captivate and inspire those who are drawn to their beauty and significance.