December is unique among the months of the year in that it is associated with not one, but three (or even four) birthstones. These gemstones—tanzanite, turquoise, zircon, and in some modern contexts, blue topaz—share a common theme of blue hues and are each steeped in their own histories, symbolic meanings, and physical properties. This article explores the significance of these stones, their geological origins, gemological characteristics, and their cultural and spiritual associations. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the meaning behind December’s birthstone, this guide offers a detailed and authoritative look into the world of December’s blue gems.
The Significance of December’s Birthstones
December, often associated with cold, winter nights and the anticipation of the new year, is symbolically linked to stones that embody clarity, protection, and transformation. The three traditional birthstones—tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon—each offer a different shade of blue, from the deep violet-blue of tanzanite to the earthy greenish-blue of turquoise. These stones are not only visually appealing but also carry rich histories and cultural significance.
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December allows for a variety of styles and preferences. For example, turquoise has been used for millennia across cultures for its protective and symbolic properties. Tanzanite, a relatively modern discovery, is prized for its rarity and trichroic nature. Zircon, with its high refractive index and brilliant sparkle, is often chosen for its durability and fire-like brilliance. In some contemporary contexts, blue topaz has also been added to the list, offering a more affordable and durable option for daily wear.
Each of these gemstones has a story to tell, and together they form a rich tapestry of meaning and beauty that makes December’s birthstones particularly special.
History and Lore of December’s Birthstones
Turquoise: A Stone of Ancient Significance
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history that stretches back thousands of years. It has been treasured by various cultures for its unique color and perceived protective powers. In ancient Egypt, turquoise was a symbol of life and protection and was often used in jewelry and amulets. Pharaohs and other rulers adorned themselves with turquoise, believing it brought health and good fortune.
Chinese artisans have also long appreciated the beauty of turquoise. Over 3,000 years ago, they were carving intricate pieces from the stone. In Native American cultures, turquoise was considered a sacred stone. The Apache believed that following a rainbow to its end would lead one to turquoise, while the Navajo and Hopi peoples used it in their jewelry and ceremonies as a symbol of protection and spiritual power.
Throughout history, turquoise has been thought to possess numerous beneficial properties. For instance, from the 13th century onward, it was believed that turquoise could protect the wearer from falling, especially off a horse. Hindu mystics also believed that seeing a turquoise after observing the new moon would bring wealth.
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is the newest of the December birthstones, having been discovered in 1967 in Tanzania. Named after its country of origin, tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite. What makes tanzanite particularly unique is its trichroism, meaning that it can appear blue, purple, or burgundy depending on the angle from which it is viewed. This property gives the stone a dynamic and captivating appearance.
Tanzanite is considered one of the rarest gemstones in the world, as it is found only in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. The limited geographical source of the stone adds to its exclusivity and value. Unlike turquoise and zircon, which have been known for centuries, tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the birthstone calendar, and it has quickly gained popularity for its beauty and rarity.
Zircon: A Stone of Clarity and Sparkle
Zircon is another ancient gemstone with a long and storied history. Known for its high refractive index and brilliant sparkle, zircon has been used in jewelry for thousands of years. In medieval Europe, zircon was believed to bring wisdom and good fortune, and it was often used in rings and pendants.
The December color of zircon is a vibrant blue, although the stone can occur in a range of colors, including colorless, yellow, red, and green. The blue variety is particularly popular for its resemblance to blue topaz and aquamarine. Zircon is also notable for its durability, with a hardness of 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry settings.
Blue Topaz: A Modern Addition
In some modern contexts, blue topaz has also been added to the list of December birthstones. While it is not traditionally listed as a December birthstone, blue topaz is often included due to its affordability, durability, and beautiful blue color. Blue topaz is typically color-enhanced through irradiation and heat treatment, which gives it its striking hue.
Blue topaz is a popular choice for engagement rings and other everyday jewelry, as it is more durable than turquoise or tanzanite and can withstand daily wear. Its popularity has grown in recent years, making it a common choice for those who want a December birthstone that is both stylish and practical.
Geological Formation and Sources of December’s Birthstones
Each of December’s birthstones is formed through unique geological processes and is found in specific locations around the world.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is found only in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. It forms in metamorphic rocks under high heat and pressure, and its trichroic nature is due to the presence of vanadium. Because of its limited source, tanzanite is considered one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The stone is typically cut into gemstones that highlight its blue and purple hues, and it is often used in fine jewelry.
Turquoise
Turquoise is formed when copper and aluminum minerals combine with phosphorus and water in the presence of heat and pressure. It is typically found in the oxidation zones of copper deposits and is often mined in association with other minerals. Turquoise is found in many parts of the world, including the United States, China, Egypt, and Iran. The most prized turquoise is often found in the American Southwest, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico.
The color of turquoise can vary depending on the amount of copper and iron present. High-quality turquoise has a rich blue color with minimal matrix (the web-like veins of the surrounding rock). Turquoise is often stabilized to enhance its color and durability, as it is relatively soft and porous.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral that is found in a variety of geological environments, including igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is often found in zircon-rich sand deposits and is sometimes recovered as a by-product of mining other minerals. The blue variety of zircon used as a December birthstone is typically heat-treated to enhance its color.
Zircon is found in several countries, including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Australia, and Brazil. The stone is known for its high refractive index and brilliance, which make it a popular choice for jewelry. Zircon is also notable for its durability, with a hardness of 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry settings.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a color-treated form of topaz, a silicate mineral that is commonly found in igneous rocks. Natural blue topaz is rare, so most blue topaz is created through irradiation and heat treatment. This process gives the stone its striking blue color, which can range from pale blue to deep blue.
Blue topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, China, and the United States. It is a popular choice for jewelry due to its durability and affordability. With a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, blue topaz is suitable for everyday wear and is often used in engagement rings, pendants, and earrings.
Gemological Properties of December’s Birthstones
Each of December’s birthstones has its own unique set of gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and value.
Tanzanite
- Mineral: Zoisite (Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH))
- Color: Blue to violet-blue, purple
- Hardness: 6-7 on the Mohs scale
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.691-1.700
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Specific Gravity: 3.35
Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, which means it can display three different colors—blue, purple, and burgundy—depending on the angle of light. This unique property gives the stone a dynamic and captivating appearance. Tanzanite is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, so it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and chips.
Turquoise
- Mineral: Hydrated copper aluminum phosphate
- Color: Blue to green-blue
- Hardness: 5-6 on the Mohs scale
- Transparency: Opaque
- Refractive Index: 1.61-1.65
- Crystal System: Triclinic
- Specific Gravity: 2.6-2.8
Turquoise is an opaque gemstone that ranges in color from blue to green-blue. It is often found with veins of matrix, which are remnants of the rock in which it formed. Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, so it is often stabilized to enhance its durability. It is also sensitive to chemicals and moisture, so it requires gentle cleaning.
Zircon
- Mineral: Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄)
- Color: Blue (for December), but also colorless, yellow, red, green
- Hardness: 7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.925-1.984
- Crystal System: Tetragonal
- Specific Gravity: 3.90-4.73
Zircon is known for its high refractive index and brilliant sparkle. The blue variety of zircon used as a December birthstone is typically heat-treated to enhance its color. Zircon is relatively durable, with a hardness of 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry settings.
Blue Topaz
- Mineral: Topaz (Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂)
- Color: Pale blue to dark blue
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Transparency: Transparent
- Refractive Index: 1.610-1.630
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Specific Gravity: 3.44-3.52
Blue topaz is a color-treated form of topaz that is known for its beautiful blue color and durability. It is a popular choice for jewelry due to its affordability and ability to withstand daily wear. Blue topaz is often used in engagement rings, pendants, and earrings.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs of December’s Birthstones
Each of December’s birthstones has been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties throughout history.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is believed to promote spiritual awareness and emotional healing. It is often associated with transformation and new beginnings, making it a popular choice for those undergoing personal growth. Tanzanite is also thought to enhance intuition and creativity, making it a valuable stone for meditation and self-reflection.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection and good fortune. It is believed to bring health, prosperity, and happiness to the wearer. In Native American cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone that connects the earth and sky. It is often used in jewelry and amulets as a symbol of protection and spiritual power.
Zircon
Zircon is associated with clarity, wisdom, and balance. It is believed to enhance mental clarity and decision-making, making it a valuable stone for those seeking wisdom and insight. Zircon is also thought to promote prosperity and success, making it a popular choice for those who want to attract abundance and good fortune.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calming and soothing properties. It is believed to promote emotional stability and reduce stress and anxiety. Blue topaz is also thought to enhance communication and self-expression, making it a valuable stone for those who want to improve their ability to express themselves clearly and confidently.
Care and Maintenance of December’s Birthstones
Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each stone has its own specific care requirements based on its hardness, sensitivity to chemicals, and overall durability.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively soft and sensitive to heat and chemicals. It should be cleaned with mild soap and water and should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or high temperatures. Tanzanite should also be protected from sharp knocks and impacts, as it can chip or crack easily.
Turquoise
Turquoise is an opaque gemstone that is sensitive to chemicals, moisture, and heat. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, and should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or prolonged moisture. Turquoise should also be protected from sharp knocks and impacts, as it can chip or crack easily.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively durable, but it can be brittle at the edges. It should be cleaned with mild soap and water and should not be exposed to steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause damage. Zircon should also be protected from sharp knocks and impacts, as it can chip or crack easily.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone that is suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with mild soap and water or with steam and ultrasonic cleaners. Blue topaz should be protected from sharp knocks and impacts, as it can chip or crack easily.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—tanzanite, turquoise, zircon, and in some modern contexts, blue topaz—each offer a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolic meaning. These stones are not only visually appealing but also carry rich cultural and spiritual significance. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the meaning behind December’s birthstone, this guide has provided a comprehensive look into the world of December’s blue gems.
From the ancient traditions of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, these stones have captivated people for centuries. Their gemological properties, including their colors, hardness, and refractive indices, make them valuable additions to any jewelry collection. Their symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties add an extra layer of significance, making them not just beautiful stones, but also meaningful symbols of protection, transformation, and clarity.
As you explore the world of December’s birthstones, you will find that each stone has its own story to tell. Whether you choose tanzanite for its rarity and trichroism, turquoise for its ancient symbolism, zircon for its brilliance and durability, or blue topaz for its affordability and beauty, you will find a gemstone that reflects your personal style and story.