August is one of the few months in the birthstone calendar to feature not just one, but three distinct gemstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each with its own unique color, symbolism, and historical significance. Together, these stones offer a rich tapestry of options for jewelry lovers, gemstone collectors, and those seeking meaningful adornments for those born in the month of August. This article explores the gemological properties, historical roots, and cultural meanings of these three August birthstones, while also offering practical guidance on their care and selection.
Introduction
August’s three birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each bring a distinct character to the month’s gemstone tradition. Peridot, with its vibrant green hues, is often associated with warmth and prosperity. Spinel, known for its striking red and other vivid colors, adds a dynamic and versatile dimension to the birthstone palette. Sardonyx, with its earthy banded patterns, carries a sense of stability and protection.
These gemstones, while distinct, share a common thread in their historical use and symbolic significance. From ancient civilizations to modern jewelry design, they continue to inspire admiration and appreciation. This article delves into each gemstone in detail, offering a comprehensive overview of their properties, origins, and cultural lore.
History and Lore
Peridot: A Gem of the Sun
Peridot has a long and storied history, dating back thousands of years. Known as the “sun gem,” it was highly valued in ancient civilizations for its warm, luminous green color. The earliest known sources of peridot include the Red Sea island of Topazios, where it was mined and mistaken for topaz. Some of the gems in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral were once thought to be emeralds but were later identified as peridot.
The name “peridot” is derived from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.” In ancient times, peridot was believed to bring prosperity and protection. Some sources suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted of peridot, highlighting its historical significance and allure.
Peridot was also a popular gemstone in medieval Europe, where it was used in ecclesiastical jewelry and royal regalia. Its presence in meteorites and volcanic rocks has given rise to legends of its extraterrestrial origins, further adding to its mystique.
Sardonyx: A Stone of Strength and Stability
Sardonyx has been revered for its protective qualities for over 4,000 years. This banded chalcedony, with its distinctive red-brown and white stripes, was commonly used in ancient Roman and Egyptian jewelry. It was often carved into signet rings and amulets, believed to provide strength, courage, and protection in times of adversity.
The name sardonyx is a combination of “sard” (a type of red chalcedony) and “onyx” (a black banded stone). The stone’s layered appearance was thought to symbolize the balance between the material and spiritual worlds. In medieval Europe, sardonyx was worn by warriors and rulers as a talisman for victory and leadership.
Spinel: A Rediscovered Treasure
Spinel, once mistaken for ruby and other precious stones, has a relatively recent history in the gemstone world. For centuries, its vivid red color led to confusion with ruby, and it was often sold as such in royal courts and antique jewelry collections. Spinel was highly prized in the Mughal Empire, where it was used in royal regalia and jewelry, including the famed “Balas Ruby.”
In 2016, spinel was officially added as an August birthstone, recognizing its beauty and versatility. This decision reflected a growing appreciation for spinel as a gemstone in its own right, with a wide range of colors including ruby red, pink, orange, blue, and even black. Its historical significance and modern resurgence make it a compelling addition to the August birthstone tradition.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot: Forged in Fire
Peridot is a member of the olivine mineral group and is formed under extreme heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is often found in volcanic rocks and meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones that can be of extraterrestrial origin.
Major sources of peridot include:
- India
- China
- Pakistan
- Myanmar (Burma)
- The United States (particularly Arizona and Hawaii)
Peridot is often found in lava flows and basaltic rock formations. In Hawaii, it is sometimes referred to as “Hawaiian peridot,” and it is mined from lava fields that have cooled and solidified over time.
Sardonyx: A Stone of the Earth
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is formed through the slow deposition of silica in sedimentary rock layers, resulting in its distinctive banded patterns. The red-brown layers are caused by iron impurities, while the white layers are pure quartz.
Historical and modern sources of sardonyx include:
- Brazil
- India
- Nigeria
- Germany
- Italy
The stone is commonly found in regions with rich sedimentary deposits and is often carved into intricate designs, especially for use in signet rings and pendants.
Spinel: A Versatile Gem
Spinel is a mineral that can form in both igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is known for its wide range of colors, which are determined by trace elements such as chromium (for red), iron (for black), and magnesium (for orange and yellow).
The most important sources of spinel include:
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Vietnam
- Tanzania
- Madagascar
- Afghanistan
Spinel is often found in the same geological environments as ruby and sapphire, and it is prized for its durability and brilliance. The vivid red spinel from Burma is particularly sought after and is considered one of the most valuable varieties.
Gemological Properties
The following table provides a detailed comparison of the gemological properties of peridot, spinel, and sardonyx:
| Gemstone | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Chemical Composition | Refractive Index | Origin of Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Green (lime to olive) | 6.5 – 7 | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | 1.65 – 1.70 | From Arabic "faridat" |
| Spinel | Red, pink, orange, blue, black, and more | 7.5 – 8 | MgAl₂O₄ | 1.718 – 1.735 | From Greek "spina" (thorn) |
| Sardonyx | Banded red, brown, and white | 6.5 – 7 | SiO₂ (with iron impurities) | 1.48 – 1.53 | From "sard" (red chalcedony) |
Peridot
- Color: Peridot is known for its vivid green color, which ranges from a bright lime green to a deep olive green. This color is caused by the presence of iron in its crystal structure.
- Hardness: With a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot is relatively durable but can be scratched by harder gemstones or abrasives.
- Cleavage: Peridot has perfect cleavage, meaning it can be fractured along certain planes. This makes it susceptible to damage during handling and setting.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of peridot is between 1.65 and 1.70, giving it a bright, glassy luster.
- Luster: Peridot has a vitreous (glassy) luster, which enhances its brilliance and makes it an attractive gemstone.
Spinel
- Color: Spinel is available in a wide range of colors, including ruby red, deep pink, vibrant orange, striking blue, and jet black. The most prized variety is the vivid red, which is often compared to ruby.
- Hardness: Spinel has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than peridot and suitable for everyday wear.
- Cleavage: Spinel has no cleavage, making it less prone to chipping or breaking compared to peridot.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of spinel ranges from 1.718 to 1.735, giving it a bright and lively appearance.
- Luster: Spinel has a vitreous luster, which enhances its brilliance and makes it a popular gemstone for jewelry.
Sardonyx
- Color: Sardonyx is characterized by its banded patterns, which consist of red, brown, and white layers. The red and brown bands are caused by iron impurities, while the white bands are pure quartz.
- Hardness: Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but not as hard as spinel.
- Cleavage: Sardonyx does not have cleavage, making it less prone to chipping or breaking.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of sardonyx is between 1.48 and 1.53, giving it a soft, milky luster.
- Luster: Sardonyx has a waxy or vitreous luster, depending on its composition and polish.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot: The Stone of Joy and Abundance
Peridot is often associated with positivity, joy, and emotional clarity. In ancient times, it was believed to bring prosperity and protection from negative energy. It is also considered a “sun gem,” symbolizing warmth and vitality.
In modern metaphysical practices, peridot is associated with the heart chakra and is believed to support emotional healing, release negative patterns, and promote self-confidence. It is often used in meditation and energy work to encourage a sense of calm and clarity.
Sardonyx: A Stone of Strength and Protection
Sardonyx is known for its protective properties. In ancient times, it was believed to provide courage, strength, and protection in battle. It was also used as a talisman for leaders and warriors, symbolizing stability and determination.
In modern metaphysical practices, sardonyx is associated with the root and heart chakras. It is believed to help ground energy, support emotional balance, and foster healthy relationships. It is also considered a stone of success and perseverance.
Spinel: A Stone of Vitality and Inspiration
Spinel is associated with vitality, inspiration, and renewal. In ancient times, it was believed to restore energy, inspire creativity, and provide courage in times of difficulty. It was often used by rulers and leaders as a source of strength and motivation.
In modern metaphysical practices, spinel is associated with the heart and solar plexus chakras. It is believed to encourage self-expression, boost confidence, and provide a sense of inner strength. It is also considered a stone of passion and transformation.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and durability of August birthstones. Here are some guidelines for caring for each gemstone:
Peridot
- Cleaning: Clean peridot with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the gemstone due to its perfect cleavage.
- Storage: Store peridot separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. Avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
Spinel
- Cleaning: Spinel can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is also safe to use an ultrasonic cleaner, as it has no cleavage and is more durable than peridot.
- Storage: Store spinel in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent scratches. Avoid exposing it to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals.
Sardonyx
- Cleaning: Sardonyx can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is also safe to use a soft brush to remove dirt and debris.
- Storage: Store sardonyx in a dry place to prevent moisture from affecting its luster. Avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—offer a vibrant and diverse selection of gemstones that reflect the energy and symbolism of the month of August. Each stone has its own unique history, gemological properties, and metaphysical significance.
Peridot, with its bright green color, represents joy, abundance, and emotional clarity. Spinel, known for its vivid red and other colors, symbolizes inspiration, energy, and resilience. Sardonyx, with its banded patterns, stands for strength, stability, and protection.
These gemstones are not only beautiful but also rich in historical and cultural significance. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, symbolic meaning, or metaphysical properties, peridot, spinel, and sardonyx continue to inspire and enchant those who wear them.