December is the only month with four officially recognized birthstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Blue Topaz. These gemstones are all characterized by their blue hues, symbolizing the cool tones of winter. Each of these gems has a rich history, distinct gemological properties, and cultural significance. This article provides an in-depth exploration of these four December birthstones, covering their geological formation, historical use, symbolism, and care.
Introduction
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with roots in Mesopotamia and later adopted by the ancient Greeks and Romans. For December, the list of birthstones has evolved significantly over time. Initially, only Turquoise and Zircon were considered December birthstones. However, in the 20th century, the list expanded to include Blue Topaz and Tanzanite. This expansion reflects the dynamic nature of the birthstone tradition and the increasing recognition of new gemstone discoveries and their commercial appeal.
The December birthstones are particularly notable for their blue hues, which resonate with the cold, calm atmosphere of winter. These gemstones are not only visually appealing but also carry symbolic meanings that have been passed down through generations. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, understanding the properties and significance of these stones can enhance your appreciation of their beauty and value.
History and Lore
Turquoise
Turquoise has a long and storied history, dating back to ancient civilizations. It was highly prized by the Egyptians, who used it in jewelry and amulets. The name "turquoise" comes from the French word "turque," meaning "Turkish," as the gem was historically imported to Europe through Turkey. Turquoise was considered a stone of protection and was believed to bring good fortune. It was also used as a currency in Tibet and was offered to gods by the Incas and Mayas. Native American tribes associated turquoise with youth and strength, often using it in ceremonial objects and personal adornments.
In December, turquoise is the birthstone for those born between December 1 and 31. It is considered a powerful gemstone that offers protection against danger and promotes good relationships. Tibetans believed that turquoise could preserve friendships and warn its wearer of approaching illness or danger by becoming pale.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is the most recent addition to the December birthstone list, officially recognized in 2002. It was discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania by a Masai herdsman. The gem was initially found in its unheated form, which was a deep brown color. It wasn't until it was heated that the gemstone revealed its vibrant violet-blue color, which quickly made it popular in the jewelry industry.
Tanzanite is unique because it is only found in one location on Earth, making it one of the rarest gemstones. Its scarcity and striking color have made it highly valuable, and it is often considered a luxury gemstone. Tanzanite is associated with transformation and new beginnings, making it a fitting symbol for the end of the year.
Zircon
Zircon has been used as a gemstone for thousands of years, with evidence of its use in ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian jewelry. The name "zircon" comes from the Arabic word "zarkun," meaning "gold-like," due to its brilliant luster. Zircon is known for its refractive properties, which give it a high dispersion of light, making it an attractive gemstone that resembles diamonds and other precious stones.
In December, zircon is one of the traditional birthstones. It is associated with clarity, wisdom, and a sense of balance. Zircon has also been used in religious contexts, with some sources suggesting that it may be one of the gemstones on Aaron’s breastplate, as described in the Bible.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a relatively modern addition to the December birthstone list. It was officially recognized as a December birthstone in 1998. Blue topaz is not naturally blue; the blue color is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment. Natural topaz is colorless or yellow, but through these treatments, it can be transformed into a beautiful blue gemstone.
Blue topaz is the hardest of the December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it durable and suitable for everyday wear. Blue topaz is associated with calmness and serenity, making it a fitting symbol for the winter season. It is also the official state gem of Texas.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with a chemical formula of Al₂(OH)₃PO₄. It is typically found in arid regions where it forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits. Turquoise is known for its characteristic blue-green color, which is due to the presence of copper. The intensity of the blue color can vary depending on the amount of copper present.
The primary sources of turquoise are the United States, Iran, and China. In the U.S., turquoise is primarily found in the Southwest, particularly in Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. Iran has been a significant source of turquoise for centuries, with some of the highest quality turquoise coming from the country. China also produces turquoise, but it tends to be of lower quality compared to turquoise from the U.S. and Iran.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with a chemical formula of Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH). It is only found in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, a location that is geologically unique. Tanzanite is formed when the mineral zoisite is heated, causing a transformation that results in the deep violet-blue color.
The Merelani Hills are located near Arusha, in northern Tanzania. The area is known for its rich deposits of tanzanite, and mining operations have been established to extract the gemstone. Due to its limited geographic distribution, tanzanite is considered one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The gemstone is also relatively new to the market, having been discovered in 1967.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral with a chemical formula of ZrSiO₄. It is found in a variety of geological environments, including metamorphic and igneous rocks. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a brilliant, diamond-like sparkle. It is also resistant to weathering, making it a durable gemstone.
Zircon is found in several countries, including Australia, Brazil, India, and Thailand. In Australia, zircon is found in sedimentary rocks, while in Brazil, it is often found in alluvial deposits. India and Thailand are also significant sources of zircon, with the gemstone being mined and traded in both countries. Zircon is available in a range of colors, including colorless, yellow, red, and blue, with the blue variety being the most commonly used in jewelry.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the mineral topaz, with a chemical formula of Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It is formed in igneous rocks and is often found in association with other minerals such as quartz and feldspar. Blue topaz is created through a combination of irradiation and heat treatment, which alters the color of the gemstone.
Blue topaz is mined in several countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. Brazil is one of the largest producers of blue topaz, with the gemstone being found in alluvial deposits. Mexico and Nigeria also produce blue topaz, while the U.S. is a significant source of natural topaz, which is then treated to create the blue variety. Blue topaz is known for its durability and is suitable for everyday wear due to its high hardness on the Mohs scale.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Formula | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue-green | 5-6 | Al₂(OH)₃PO₄ | United States, Iran, China |
| Tanzanite | Violet-blue | 6-7 | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH) | Tanzania |
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, colorless | 7.5-8 | ZrSiO₄ | Australia, Brazil, India, Thailand |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, United States |
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. It is susceptible to scratches and should be handled with care. Turquoise is also porous and can be damaged by exposure to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures. It is often stabilized with resins to improve its durability and make it suitable for jewelry.
Turquoise is known for its chatoyancy and inclusions, which can give it a unique and attractive appearance. It is often found in cabochon form, as its refractive properties are best displayed in this cut. Turquoise is also known for its ability to absorb oils and lotions, so it should be kept away from such substances.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6-7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage. It is also sensitive to heat and can be damaged if exposed to high temperatures. Tanzanite is often cut in step or emerald cuts to showcase its color and clarity.
Tanzanite is a trichroic gemstone, meaning it can display three different colors depending on the angle of light. This property gives it a unique and dynamic appearance. Tanzanite is also known for its pleochroism, which allows it to change color when viewed from different angles.
Zircon
Zircon has a hardness of 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. It is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a brilliant, diamond-like sparkle. Zircon is available in a range of colors, with the blue variety being the most commonly used in jewelry.
Zircon is also known for its resistance to weathering, making it a long-lasting gemstone. It is often cut in brilliant or rose cuts to enhance its fire and brilliance. Zircon is also known for its ability to absorb radiation, which can cause it to change color over time.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest December birthstones. It is highly durable and suitable for everyday wear. Blue topaz is also resistant to scratches and is not affected by most chemicals, making it easy to clean and maintain.
Blue topaz is known for its clarity and brilliance, with the blue color being achieved through irradiation and heat treatment. It is often cut in brilliant or round cuts to maximize its sparkle. Blue topaz is also known for its ability to absorb light, giving it a bright and vibrant appearance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
Turquoise has been associated with protection and good fortune for centuries. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck to its wearer. It was also considered a symbol of friendship and was often given as a gift to preserve relationships.
In Native American cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone that represents the sky and is used in ceremonies to connect with the spiritual world. It is also believed to have healing properties and is used in traditional medicine to treat ailments such as asthma and high blood pressure.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with transformation and new beginnings. It is believed to help individuals release old patterns and embrace new opportunities. It is also associated with spiritual growth and is often used in meditation to enhance intuition and insight.
Tanzanite is also believed to have healing properties, particularly for the heart and throat chakras. It is used to promote emotional healing and to help individuals express themselves more effectively.
Zircon
Zircon is associated with clarity, wisdom, and a sense of balance. It is believed to help individuals make wise decisions and to find balance in their lives. Zircon is also associated with spiritual growth and is often used in meditation to enhance intuition and insight.
Zircon is also believed to have healing properties, particularly for the skin and the nervous system. It is used to promote physical and emotional healing and to help individuals overcome stress and anxiety.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness and serenity. It is believed to help individuals find peace and tranquility, particularly during times of stress and uncertainty. It is also associated with wisdom and is often used to enhance decision-making and problem-solving skills.
Blue topaz is also believed to have healing properties, particularly for the throat and heart chakras. It is used to promote emotional healing and to help individuals express themselves more effectively.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise
Turquoise should be handled with care due to its softness and porosity. It should be kept away from harsh chemicals, heat, and direct sunlight to prevent damage. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, and should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Turquoise should also be kept away from oils and lotions, as it can absorb these substances and lose its luster. It is recommended to avoid wearing turquoise in hot environments, such as saunas and steam rooms, to prevent it from drying out and cracking.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be handled with care due to its sensitivity to heat and chemicals. It should be kept away from high temperatures and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite should also be protected from exposure to harsh chemicals and should be kept away from ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone. It is recommended to avoid exposing tanzanite to direct sunlight for prolonged periods, as this can cause the color to fade.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively durable and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Zircon should also be kept away from harsh chemicals and should be protected from exposure to heat and direct sunlight.
Zircon is also sensitive to radiation, so it should be kept away from radioactive materials. It is recommended to avoid using ultrasonic cleaners on zircon, as these can cause damage to the gemstone.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones and is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and can be worn in most environments. It is resistant to most chemicals and can be cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner.
Blue topaz should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be kept away from high temperatures and direct sunlight for prolonged periods to prevent the color from fading. It is recommended to avoid exposing blue topaz to harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gemstone.
Conclusion
The four official December birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Blue Topaz—each have their own unique properties, histories, and symbolic meanings. These gemstones are not only beautiful but also rich in cultural significance and spiritual associations. Whether you are drawn to the protective qualities of Turquoise, the transformative energy of Tanzanite, the wisdom of Zircon, or the calming presence of Blue Topaz, there is a December birthstone that resonates with your personal journey.
Understanding the gemological properties and care requirements of these stones can help ensure their beauty and value are preserved for years to come. As you explore the world of December birthstones, you will find that each one offers a unique connection to the past, present, and future, making them a meaningful addition to any jewelry collection.