Birthstones are more than just beautiful adornments; they are deeply rooted in history, culture, and even personal identity. Each month of the year is associated with a specific gemstone, and these associations date back centuries. A birthstone chart provides a comprehensive reference to these gemstones, detailing their properties, meanings, and significance. Whether you're exploring your own birthstone or looking for the perfect meaningful gift, understanding the birthstone chart is essential.
In this article, we will explore the modern and traditional birthstones for all 12 months, covering their gemological properties, symbolic meanings, and historical significance. We will also examine alternative options for months with multiple official stones and provide practical insights into gemstone care and jewelry design.
The Concept of Birthstones
The idea of assigning gemstones to specific months is not a modern invention but rather a tradition that has evolved over centuries. While the modern birthstone chart as we know it today was formalized in the early 20th century, many of the stones have been revered for much longer. Their associations with particular months are often based on ancient beliefs, mineralogical properties, and cultural traditions.
Birthstones are believed by many to offer protection, healing, and spiritual benefits, making them more than just decorative objects. Today, they are also popular in jewelry design, serving as both personal identifiers and aesthetic choices. Whether you are celebrating a birthday, anniversary, or a meaningful milestone, a birthstone can add a deeply symbolic element to your chosen jewelry.
Modern and Traditional Birthstone Chart
Below is a breakdown of the modern and traditional birthstones for each month, including their colors, symbolic meanings, and gemological hardness on the Mohs scale. Where available, alternative options are also noted.
| Month | Modern Birthstone | Traditional/Alternative | Color | Symbolic Meaning | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet | Deep Red | Friendship, Trust, Protection | 6.5–7.5 |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst | Purple | Peace, Protection, Tranquility | 7 |
| March | Aquamarine | Bloodstone | Light Blue | Courage, Honesty, Loyalty | 7.5–8 |
| April | Diamond | Rock Crystal | Clear/Colorless | Love, Purity, Strength | 10 |
| May | Emerald | Chrysoprase | Green | Rebirth, Love, Wisdom | 7.5–8 |
| June | Pearl | Alexandrite, Moonstone | White/Cream | Purity, Innocence, Faith | 2.5–4.5 |
| July | Ruby | Carnelian | Red | Passion, Protection, Prosperity | 9 |
| August | Peridot | Spinel, Sardonyx | Lime Green | Strength, Good Fortune, Peace | 6.5–7 |
| September | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli | Blue | Wisdom, Loyalty, Nobility | 9 |
| October | Opal | Tourmaline | Multicolored | Hope, Creativity, Innocence | 5.5–6.5 |
| November | Topaz | Citrine | Yellow/Orange | Love, Affection, Strength | 8 |
| December | Tanzanite | Turquoise, Zircon | Blue/Purple | Protection, Healing, Wisdom | 6.5–7 |
Note: Hardness is measured on the Mohs scale, from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest).
This table provides a quick-reference guide for jewelers, designers, and enthusiasts. The modern birthstone chart often includes updated or alternative stones that have gained popularity in recent decades. For example, tanzanite was only discovered in the 1960s but is now recognized as the modern December birthstone, alongside turquoise and blue zircon.
January – Garnet: A Stone of Protection and Strength
Garnet, the birthstone for January, is often associated with red hues, although it can be found in a wide range of colors including green, yellow, and even blue. Its name comes from the Latin word "granatum", meaning "pomegranate," due to its resemblance to the red seeds of this fruit.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Formula: Varies depending on the type (e.g., Almandine: Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃)
- Hardness: 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.74–1.94
- Luster: Vitreous to resinous
- Crystal System: Isothermal (most varieties)
Historical and Cultural Significance
Garnet has been revered for centuries, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt and Greece. It was believed to offer protection, especially during long journeys, and was often carried by travelers. In medieval Europe, garnets were used in ecclesiastical jewelry and were considered symbols of divine love and truth.
In modern times, garnet is associated with friendship, trust, and protection, making it a popular choice for personalized jewelry. Its deep red color symbolizes passion and vitality, and it is often used in engagement rings, pendants, and bracelets.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, garnet is relatively durable but should be handled with care. Avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft cloth or ultrasonic cleaner for best results.
February – Amethyst: The Stone of Clarity and Tranquility
Amethyst, the February birthstone, is a quartz variety known for its striking purple color. It is one of the most popular gemstones in the world, prized for its beauty, affordability, and symbolic meaning.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (silicon dioxide)
- Hardness: 7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.54–1.55
- Luster: Vitreous
- Crystal System: Hexagonal
Historical and Cultural Significance
The name "amethyst" comes from the Greek word "amethystos", meaning "not drunken", as it was believed to prevent intoxication. Ancient Greeks would drink wine from amethyst goblets to avoid drunkenness and nightmares.
Amethyst has been used in religious and spiritual contexts, especially in Christianity, where it was associated with bishops’ rings and divine wisdom. In modern times, amethyst is believed to promote calmness, mental clarity, and spiritual growth.
Care and Cleaning
Amethyst is a relatively hard gemstone (7 on the Mohs scale) and is resistant to most chemicals. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposure to strong light for long periods, as this may cause the color to fade slightly over time.
March – Aquamarine: A Gem of Courage and Serenity
Aquamarine, the March birthstone, is a beryl variety known for its calming blue to blue-green hues. Its name comes from the Latin phrase "aqua marina", meaning "sea water", due to its resemblance to the ocean.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Formula: Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆
- Hardness: 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.57–1.60
- Luster: Vitreous
- Crystal System: Hexagonal
Historical and Cultural Significance
Aquamarine has been treasured for centuries by sailors and travelers, who believed it offered protection and safe passage over water. In medieval Europe, it was associated with cleverness and eloquence, often used in royal and noble jewelry.
Today, aquamarine is believed to promote courage, honesty, and loyalty. It is also a versatile gemstone, often used in engagement rings, earrings, and pendants.
Care and Cleaning
Aquamarine is a durable gemstone with a high hardness, making it suitable for daily wear. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these may damage the gemstone’s surface.
April – Diamond: The Symbol of Purity and Strength
The April birthstone is the diamond, the hardest natural substance on Earth and one of the most symbolically significant gemstones in history.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Formula: C (carbon)
- Hardness: 10 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 2.417–2.419
- Luster: Adamantine
- Crystal System: Cubic
Historical and Cultural Significance
Diamonds have been valued for thousands of years, from ancient India to medieval Europe. They were often reserved for royalty and religious figures, symbolizing power, purity, and eternity.
Today, diamonds are most famously associated with engagement rings, representing love and commitment. They are also used in jewelry and industrial applications due to their unmatched hardness and brilliance.
Care and Cleaning
Diamonds are extremely durable, but they can still be chipped or scratched under extreme conditions. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush, and avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners. Store in a soft pouch or lined jewelry box to prevent scratches.
May – Emerald: A Gem of Rebirth and Wisdom
Emerald, the May birthstone, is a beryl variety known for its rich green color, caused by the presence of chromium or vanadium.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Formula: Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆
- Hardness: 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.57–1.60
- Luster: Vitreous
- Crystal System: Hexagonal
Historical and Cultural Significance
Emerald has been prized since ancient times, particularly in Cleopatra's Egypt, where it was believed to have magical properties. It was also used in European royal courts and is associated with wisdom, love, and rebirth.
In modern times, emerald is a popular choice for engagement rings and fine jewelry, symbolizing eternal love and prosperity. Its vibrant color and clarity make it a highly sought-after gemstone.
Care and Cleaning
Emeralds are relatively hard but are prone to cracking due to internal inclusions. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposure to heat or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause damage.
June – Pearl and Alexandrite: Symbols of Purity and Transformation
June has two official birthstones: pearl and alexandrite. Pearls have been used for millennia, while alexandrite is a rare and modern discovery.
Pearl
- Composition: Calcium carbonate (aragonite)
- Hardness: 2.5–4.5 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Pearly
- Origin: Mollusks (oysters, mussels)
Alexandrite
- Chemical Formula: BeAl₂O₄
- Hardness: 8.5–9 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.74–1.78
- Color Change: From red in incandescent light to green in daylight
Historical and Cultural Significance
Pearls have been symbols of purity, innocence, and wealth for centuries. In many Eastern cultures, they are associated with femininity and wisdom, often used in ceremonial and bridal jewelry.
Alexandrite, discovered in the 19th century, is known for its rare color change. It was named after Tsar Alexander II of Russia and is believed to bring good fortune and transformation.
Care and Cleaning
Pearls are soft and sensitive to chemicals, perfumes, and abrasives. Clean with a soft cloth and avoid exposure to harsh substances.
Alexandrite is quite hard, but it should still be cleaned with care, using warm soapy water and a soft brush.
July – Ruby: The Gem of Passion and Power
Ruby, the July birthstone, is a corundum variety known for its vibrant red color, caused by chromium.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
- Luster: Vitreous
- Crystal System: Trigonal
Historical and Cultural Significance
Ruby has been called the "king of gemstones" and has been treasured in Burmese, Indian, and European royal courts. It symbolizes passion, power, and protection, and has been used in religious and royal jewelry for centuries.
In modern times, ruby is a popular engagement and anniversary stone, representing eternal love and strength.
Care and Cleaning
Ruby is very hard and durable, making it suitable for daily wear. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners.
August – Peridot: A Stone of Light and Good Fortune
Peridot, the August birthstone, is a silicate mineral known for its vibrant green color, caused by iron.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Formula: (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.65–1.70
- Luster: Vitreous
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
Historical and Cultural Significance
Peridot has been used in ancient Egypt and the Middle East, where it was believed to protect against nightmares and bring good fortune. It was also used in religious and ceremonial jewelry.
In modern times, peridot is associated with strength, good fortune, and peace, making it a popular choice for everyday wear.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot is moderately hard and can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners.
September – Sapphire: A Symbol of Wisdom and Nobility
Sapphire, the September birthstone, is a corundum variety known for its deep blue color, caused by iron and titanium.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.76–1.78
- Luster: Vitreous
- Crystal System: Trigonal
Historical and Cultural Significance
Sapphire has been treasured for millennia, particularly in European and Middle Eastern royal courts. It is associated with wisdom, loyalty, and nobility, and is often used in crown jewels and religious artifacts.
In modern times, sapphire is a popular engagement and anniversary stone, symbolizing eternal love and devotion.
Care and Cleaning
Sapphire is very hard and durable, making it ideal for daily wear. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners.
October – Opal and Tourmaline: Gems of Hope and Creativity
October has two official birthstones: opal and tourmaline, each with unique properties and symbolism.
Opal
- Composition: Amorphous silica (SiO₂·nH₂O)
- Hardness: 5.5–6.5 on the Mohs scale
- Luster: Pearly to vitreous
- Color Play: Multicolored (play-of-color effect)
Tourmaline
- Chemical Formula: Varies widely (e.g., elbaite: Na(Li,Al)₃Al₆(BO₃)₃Si₆O₁₈(OH)₄)
- Hardness: 7–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.62–1.64
- Color Variety: Multicolored
Historical and Cultural Significance
Opal has long been associated with hope, creativity, and innocence. In ancient Rome, it was believed to bring good fortune and protection.
Tourmaline, with its wide variety of colors, is known for its energy and versatility. It is believed to promote emotional balance and vitality.
Care and Cleaning
Opal is relatively soft and sensitive, requiring gentle care. Avoid harsh chemicals and heat, and clean with warm soapy water and a soft cloth.
Tourmaline is harder and more durable, and can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
November – Topaz and Citrine: Stones of Love and Energy
November has two official birthstones: topaz and citrine.
Topaz
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.63
- Luster: Vitreous
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
Citrine
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂
- Hardness: 7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.54–1.55
- Luster: Vitreous
- Color: Yellow to orange
Historical and Cultural Significance
Topaz has been used in ancient Egypt and Greece, where it was believed to have healing and protective properties. It is associated with love, affection, and strength.
Citrine, a quartz variety, is known for its bright yellow to orange hues and is believed to promote positive energy and vitality.
Care and Cleaning
Both topaz and citrine are relatively hard and durable. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners.
December – Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Zircon: Gems of Protection and Healing
December has three official birthstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon.
Tanzanite
- Chemical Formula: Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)
- Hardness: 6–7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.69–1.70
- Color: Blue to purple
Turquoise
- Chemical Formula: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O
- Hardness: 5–6 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.65
- Color: Blue-green
Zircon
- Chemical Formula: ZrSiO₄
- Hardness: 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.00
- Color: Blue, yellow, brown
Historical and Cultural Significance
Tanzanite, discovered in the 1960s, is a rare and modern gemstone. It is associated with protection, healing, and wisdom, making it a popular choice for meaningful jewelry.
Turquoise has been used for centuries in Native American and Middle Eastern cultures, symbolizing protection, good fortune, and spiritual connection.
Zircon, with its high refractive index, is known for its brilliance and fire, and is often used as a diamond alternative in engagement rings and fine jewelry.
Care and Cleaning
Tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon vary in hardness and sensitivity. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, especially for tanzanite and turquoise.
Conclusion
The birthstone chart offers a fascinating glimpse into the world of gemstones, each with its own unique properties, history, and symbolic meaning. Whether you are drawn to the vibrant red of garnet, the calming blue of aquamarine, or the sparkling clarity of diamond, there is a birthstone for every month that reflects personality, passion, and purpose.
From ancient traditions to modern jewelry design, birthstones continue to captivate and inspire. They serve not only as beautiful adornments but also as symbols of identity, protection, and personal significance. Whether you're selecting a birthday gift, designing custom jewelry, or simply exploring the world of gemology, the birthstone chart is a valuable and timeless guide.