December is the only month in the birthstone calendar to be graced with three distinct gemstones—tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. Each of these stones offers a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism, making December one of the most intriguing months in the world of gemology. This article provides an in-depth exploration of these three birthstones, covering their geological origins, physical properties, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and care instructions. By examining the characteristics and stories behind tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon, we uncover what makes these stones not only visually appealing but also deeply meaningful to those born under the December sun.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months of the year has ancient roots, often linked to astrological beliefs and cultural practices. While the modern birthstone calendar was standardized in the early 20th century—largely by the American National Association of Jewelers—some of these stones have been revered for thousands of years. December, in particular, is notable for being the only month with three officially recognized birthstones, each with its own historical narrative and cultural significance.
Turquoise: The Stone of Power and Protection
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history that stretches back over 5,000 years. Ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Chinese, Persians, and Native Americans all valued turquoise for its vibrant color and believed it possessed protective and spiritual properties. In ancient Egypt, turquoise was a symbol of life and immortality, often used in the decoration of pharaonic burial masks, including the famous mask of Tutankhamun. It was also used in amulets and talismans to ward off evil spirits.
In Native American cultures, especially among the Navajo, Zuni, and Hopi tribes, turquoise was considered a sacred stone. It was used in religious ceremonies and as a medium of exchange. The stone was believed to bring good fortune and was often worn as a protective charm against illness and misfortune.
In Persian culture, turquoise was known as “feridun” and was used in jewelry and inlay work to decorate furniture and architectural elements. The stone’s association with the sky and water made it a symbol of purity and divine favor.
Tanzanite: The Modern Wonder
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone lineup, having been officially recognized in the 1960s. Discovered in 1967 in Northern Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro, tanzanite is a relatively rare gemstone that has quickly gained popularity due to its striking color and unique properties.
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its trichroism—the ability to display three different colors depending on the angle from which it is viewed. The most commonly seen colors are blue, purple, and burgundy. The blue and purple hues are the most prized and are often enhanced through heat treatment to improve clarity and color saturation.
Due to its limited geographic source and the small area in which it is found, tanzanite is considered one of the rarest gemstones in the world. This scarcity has contributed to its increasing value over the decades, making it a highly sought-after gemstone for collectors and jewelry enthusiasts.
Zircon: The Timeless Sparkler
Zircon, the third December birthstone, is a gemstone with a history that predates even the formation of the Earth. Some of the oldest zircon crystals discovered are over 4.4 billion years old, making them among the oldest known minerals on the planet. This makes zircon not just a beautiful gemstone but also a piece of Earth’s ancient history.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that can occur in a wide range of colors, including colorless, yellow, gold, red, green, and blue. The blue zircon, in particular, is highly prized for its brilliance and fire, often mistaken for diamonds or other high-value gems.
Zircon has been used in jewelry for centuries, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. In medieval Europe, zircon was believed to have protective properties and was used in talismans to ward off nightmares and evil influences. In more recent times, zircon has become a popular alternative to diamonds and other precious stones due to its affordability and unique optical properties.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity, availability, and unique characteristics. Each of the December birthstones is formed under specific geological conditions, and their sources are distributed across the globe.
Turquoise: A Product of Arid Environments
Turquoise is a phosphorus mineral formed through the interaction of copper and aluminum in the presence of water. It typically forms in arid or semi-arid regions where the soil is rich in copper and phosphorus. The formation process involves the oxidation and weathering of copper ores, which react with phosphate-rich groundwater, resulting in the creation of turquoise.
The primary sources of turquoise are found in countries with dry climates, including:
- Iran (formerly Persia) – Known for producing the most highly prized “Persian blue” turquoise.
- United States – Particularly in the Southwest, where turquoise has been mined for centuries. Major sources include Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada.
- Mexico – Also a significant source of turquoise, especially in the Chihuahua region.
- China – The Lantian area is a notable source of turquoise.
- Russia, Egypt, and Australia – These countries also produce turquoise, though it is less renowned than that from the aforementioned regions.
The color of turquoise can vary depending on the concentration of copper and iron in the mineral. Higher copper content results in brighter blue hues, while higher iron content leads to greenish tones. The presence of matrix—the surrounding rock—can also affect the appearance of the stone, creating beautiful patterns that are often preserved in jewelry.
Tanzanite: The Exclusive Product of Tanzania
Tanzanite is exclusively found in Tanzania, a unique characteristic that sets it apart from other gemstones. It is formed through the metamorphism of limestone, a process that occurs when limestone deposits are subjected to high heat and pressure. The presence of vanadium, a trace element, is responsible for the gemstone’s distinctive blue and purple colors.
Tanzanite is mined in a very limited area of Northern Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. The exact location is within a few square kilometers, which is a key reason for its rarity. The area is part of the Serengeti Basin, a geological region known for its rich mineral deposits.
The mining of tanzanite is a highly regulated process, with the Tanzanian government playing a significant role in controlling the industry to ensure sustainable practices and fair distribution of profits. Due to its limited source and increasing demand, tanzanite is expected to become even rarer in the future.
Zircon: A Global Mineral with Ancient Origins
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that is found in a wide range of geological environments, including granite, metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary deposits. Its formation dates back to the early history of the Earth, with some zircon crystals being over 4.4 billion years old, making them among the oldest known minerals.
Zircon is widespread globally, and it is found in numerous countries, including:
- Australia – One of the largest producers of zircon, particularly in the Northern Territory and Queensland.
- India – A significant source of zircon, especially in the Andhra Pradesh and Kerala regions.
- Brazil – Known for producing high-quality zircon, particularly in the Minas Gerais state.
- Mozambique and Madagascar – These countries are also notable zircon producers.
- United States – Zircon is found in California and Utah.
Zircon is often heated to enhance its color, particularly to produce the blue and golden varieties. This treatment is common and does not affect the durability or value of the gemstone. The blue zircon, in particular, is highly valued for its brilliance and fire, making it a popular choice for jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones has distinct physical and optical properties that contribute to their beauty and durability. Understanding these properties is essential for gemologists, jewelers, and collectors, as they influence the gem’s use in jewelry, its value, and the care it requires.
Turquoise: A Soft but Durable Stone
Turquoise has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, which makes it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. This hardness level means that it is susceptible to scratches and abrasion, especially when exposed to harder materials. As a result, turquoise is often set in protective settings in jewelry to minimize the risk of damage.
Turquoise is a hydrous phosphate mineral, meaning it contains water in its structure. This makes it sensitive to heat, chemicals, and prolonged exposure to sunlight, which can cause it to fade or become brittle over time. Therefore, it is important to handle turquoise with care and store it in a cool, dry place.
The color of turquoise is determined by the presence of copper and iron. Copper produces blue hues, while iron contributes to greenish tones. The presence of matrix—the surrounding rock—can also affect the appearance of the stone, creating beautiful patterns that are often preserved in jewelry.
Tanzanite: A Rare and Radiant Gem
Tanzanite has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7, making it a relatively durable gemstone. However, it is sensitive to heat and light, and prolonged exposure to sunlight can cause it to fade or lose its color. Therefore, it is recommended to store tanzanite jewelry in a dark place to preserve its brilliance.
Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, the ability to display three different colors when viewed from different angles. The most common colors are blue, purple, and burgundy, with the blue and purple hues being the most desirable. The color of tanzanite is enhanced through heat treatment, which is a common and accepted practice in the gem trade.
Tanzanite is also known for its pleochroism, which means it can appear different colors depending on the direction of light. This property, combined with its vibrant color and brilliance, makes tanzanite a popular choice for jewelry and collectibles.
Zircon: A Sparkling and Versatile Stone
Zircon has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7.5, depending on the variety. This makes it a relatively durable gemstone, suitable for daily wear in jewelry. However, it is brittle and has a cleavage, which means it can chip or fracture if struck with force. Therefore, it is important to handle zircon with care and avoid subjecting it to sudden impacts.
Zircon is known for its high refractive index, which gives it a sparkling and fiery appearance. The blue and golden zircons are the most popular varieties, particularly the blue zircon, which is often used as a diamond alternative due to its brilliance and affordability.
Zircon can occur in a wide range of colors, including colorless, yellow, gold, red, green, and blue. The blue zircon is the most prized and is typically produced through heat treatment. This treatment is common and does not affect the durability or value of the gemstone.
Zircon is also known for its high dispersion, which is the ability to separate white light into different colors, creating a sparkling effect similar to that of diamonds. This property, combined with its brilliance and affordability, makes zircon a popular choice for jewelry and collectibles.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been attributed with various spiritual, emotional, and metaphysical properties. The December birthstones—tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon—are no exception. Each of these gemstones is believed to possess unique energies and meanings, which have contributed to their enduring popularity and use in jewelry and healing practices.
Turquoise: The Stone of Protection and Clarity
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and spiritual guidance. In ancient Egypt, it was considered a sacred stone that protected the wearer from evil spirits and ensured a safe passage to the afterlife. It was also believed to ward off illness and promote good health.
In Native American traditions, turquoise is regarded as a stone of power and protection. It is often used in ceremonial jewelry and amulets, and it is believed to bring good fortune, clarity, and emotional stability. Turquoise is also associated with healing and detoxification, particularly in relation to the immune system and respiratory health.
Modern metaphysical practitioners continue to attribute positive properties to turquoise. It is believed to enhance communication, promote emotional balance, and encourage self-expression. It is also used in energy healing to soothe the mind, reduce stress, and promote a sense of calm and well-being.
Tanzanite: The Stone of Emotional Healing and Transformation
Tanzanite is often referred to as the “stone of transformation” due to its association with emotional healing and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals release emotional blockages, overcome grief, and find inner peace. Tanzanite is also associated with intuition, wisdom, and spiritual insight, making it a popular choice for spiritual seekers and healers.
In modern metaphysical practices, tanzanite is used to promote compassion, empathy, and emotional stability. It is also believed to enhance communication between the heart and mind, helping individuals to connect with their true selves and others. Tanzanite is also associated with the third eye and crown chakras, which are linked to intuition, spiritual awareness, and higher consciousness.
Tanzanite is also believed to support the health of the skin and hair, and it is often used in beauty and wellness products to promote clarity, vitality, and overall well-being.
Zircon: The Stone of Wisdom and Clarity
Zircon is often associated with wisdom, clarity, and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals develop a deeper understanding of themselves and the world around them. Zircon is also associated with healing, particularly in relation to the **nervous system and mental health.
In ancient times, zircon was believed to ward off nightmares and evil influences, and it was used in protective talismans and amulets. In medieval Europe, zircon was believed to promote restful sleep and enhance dream recall, making it a popular choice for sleeping stones and dream journals.
Modern metaphysical practitioners use zircon to enhance mental clarity, promote emotional stability, and encourage spiritual growth. It is also believed to attract wealth and abundance, making it a popular choice for financial and business success.
Zircon is also associated with the solar plexus and crown chakras, which are linked to self-confidence, mental clarity, and spiritual awareness. It is believed to help individuals tap into their inner wisdom and intuition, making it a powerful tool for personal development and spiritual exploration.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of gemstones. Each of the December birthstones has specific care requirements based on their hardness, sensitivity to light, and chemical properties. Understanding these care instructions ensures that the gemstones remain vibrant and durable over time.
Turquoise: Handle with Care
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, and it is sensitive to heat, chemicals, and prolonged exposure to sunlight. To preserve its color and structural integrity, it is important to follow these care guidelines:
- Avoid exposure to heat and direct sunlight to prevent fading and brittleness.
- Do not expose turquoise to harsh chemicals, such as cleaning agents, perfumes, or lotions, as these can cause deterioration or discoloration.
- Store turquoise in a cool, dry place, ideally in a soft cloth or padded jewelry box, to prevent scratches and abrasion.
- Clean turquoise gently with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, avoiding abrasive materials or ultrasonic cleaners.
- Avoid wearing turquoise during physical activities or when handling hard objects, as it can scratch or chip easily.
By following these care instructions, turquoise jewelry can be preserved for many years, maintaining its vibrant color and unique beauty.
Tanzanite: Preserve Its Radiance
Tanzanite is a rare and radiant gemstone with a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7, making it relatively durable. However, it is sensitive to light and heat, and it can fade or lose its color if not properly cared for. To preserve its vibrant blue and purple hues, it is important to follow these care guidelines:
- Store tanzanite in a dark place to prevent fading caused by prolonged exposure to sunlight.
- Avoid exposure to heat, as high temperatures can cause tanzanite to lose its color or become brittle.
- Clean tanzanite gently with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, avoiding abrasive materials or ultrasonic cleaners.
- Avoid subjecting tanzanite to sudden impacts or pressure, as it can chip or fracture due to its brittle nature.
- Do not expose tanzanite to harsh chemicals, such as cleaning agents or perfumes, as these can damage the gemstone or its setting.
By following these care instructions, tanzanite jewelry can remain vibrant and beautiful, preserving its rare and unique qualities for generations.
Zircon: Enhance Its Sparkle
Zircon is a sparkling and versatile gemstone with a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7.5, making it relatively durable. However, it is brittle and has a cleavage, which means it can chip or fracture if struck with force. To preserve its brilliance and durability, it is important to follow these care guidelines:
- Avoid subjecting zircon to sudden impacts or pressure, as it can chip or fracture due to its brittle nature.
- Store zircon in a padded jewelry box to prevent scratches and abrasion, especially when storing it with harder gemstones.
- Clean zircon gently with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, avoiding abrasive materials or ultrasonic cleaners.
- Avoid exposing zircon to harsh chemicals, such as cleaning agents, perfumes, or lotions, as these can damage the gemstone or its setting.
- Do not expose zircon to extreme heat, as high temperatures can alter its color or structure.
By following these care instructions, zircon jewelry can remain sparkling and vibrant, preserving its unique beauty and brilliance for years to come.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon—represent a rich tapestry of history, beauty, and significance. Each of these gemstones has its own unique properties, origins, and symbolism, making them not only visually stunning but also deeply meaningful to those born under the December sun.
Turquoise, with its ancient roots and vibrant blue-green hues, has long been associated with protection, healing, and spiritual guidance. Tanzanite, the rarest of the three, is a modern marvel that embodies emotional healing, transformation, and spiritual growth. Zircon, with its sparkling brilliance and ancient origins, is a versatile and timeless gemstone that has been cherished for centuries.
Understanding the geological properties, historical significance, and metaphysical beliefs of these gemstones allows us to appreciate their beauty and value in a more profound way. Whether worn as jewelry, collected as gems, or used in healing practices, the December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire, offering a rich legacy of meaning and elegance.
For those born in December, these gemstones serve as a symbol of their unique character and personality, and they offer a connection to the past, present, and future. Whether you are drawn to the calming blue of turquoise, the radiant blue-violet of tanzanite, or the sparkling brilliance of zircon, these stones are sure to bring beauty, meaning, and joy to your life.