August, a month steeped in warmth and transition, is symbolically represented by three vibrant gemstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. These stones, while classified as non-precious, carry a rich tapestry of geological, historical, and cultural significance that has captivated civilizations for millennia. Together, they form a triad of August birthstones, each with its own unique properties, symbolism, and allure. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of these gemstones, exploring their formation, historical uses, gemological characteristics, and the beliefs that surround them.
Introduction
Among the 12 months of the year, August stands out as one of the few that has more than one official birthstone. The American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America officially designated peridot, spinel, and sardonyx as the birthstones for August in 2016. This trio offers a diverse selection for August-born individuals, with each stone embodying different aspects of the month’s character. Peridot, with its vivid green hue, is often associated with the warmth of summer. Spinel, known for its dazzling array of colors, brings a sense of vibrancy and rarity. Sardonyx, with its bold red and white banding, carries a more ancient charm, rooted in biblical and historical traditions.
While these stones are categorized as non-precious, their value is not diminished by their classification. Instead, they offer a unique blend of accessibility, symbolism, and beauty that appeals to a wide range of tastes and purposes. From ancient civilizations to modern jewelry design, peridot, spinel, and sardonyx have played significant roles in both cultural and decorative contexts.
This article will explore the individual and collective significance of these August birthstones, examining their geological origins, historical uses, gemological properties, and the myths and beliefs that have grown around them. It will also touch on their current status in the jewelry market and how they are cared for and appreciated in the present day.
History and Lore
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot, the most well-known of the August birthstones, has a history that stretches back to ancient civilizations. It was highly valued in Egypt, where it was referred to as the “Evening Emerald” due to its glowing green color. Ancient Egyptians associated peridot with the sun and believed it to be a protective stone that could ward off nightmares and evil spirits. Some scholars suggest that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may have actually consisted of peridot, as these stones were commonly mistaken for emeralds in the past.
The name "peridot" is derived from the Arabic word "faridat," meaning "gem." The gem was often confused with topaz and emerald, especially in historical contexts. For instance, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral contains stones that were long believed to be emeralds but are now recognized as peridot.
Peridot's association with the sun and its warm, inviting color make it an appropriate symbol for August, a month often marked by heat and sunlight. Its use in jewelry and religious artifacts speaks to its enduring appeal and cultural significance.
Spinel: The Misunderstood Gem
Spinel is a relatively recent addition to the August birthstone list, having been officially recognized in 2016. However, its history is long and complex. For centuries, spinel was often mistaken for ruby and other red gemstones. Its vibrant red and pink hues made it a popular choice for royal and noble jewelry, with some of the most famous historical gems being spinel and not ruby. For example, the “Black Prince’s Ruby” in the British Crown Jewels is actually a large spinel.
The confusion between spinel and ruby arose due to the similarities in color and appearance. It wasn't until the 19th century that gemologists began to distinguish between the two based on their chemical composition and refractive properties. Today, spinel is gaining recognition for its beauty and affordability, making it a sought-after alternative to more expensive red gemstones like ruby and garnet.
Spinel is known for its wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, yellow, green, and even cobalt blue. This versatility allows it to be used in a variety of jewelry designs, from classic to contemporary. Its historical misidentification and recent reclassification highlight its evolving status in the gemstone world.
Sardonyx: The Ancient August Birthstone
Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the earliest known August birthstone. It is a composite of sard and onyx, two types of chalcedony, and is characterized by its bold red and white banding. The stone's layered appearance gives it a striking visual effect, making it a popular choice for rings, seals, and pendants.
Sardonyx has a long and storied history, with mentions in biblical texts and ancient Roman and Egyptian cultures. It was one of the foundation stones of New Jerusalem and was featured on the high priest’s breastplate in the Book of Exodus. In ancient times, sardonyx was believed to have protective and healing properties, and it was often used in amulets and talismans.
Its accessibility and affordability have made sardonyx a staple in jewelry collections, particularly in August. It is often used as a substitute for more expensive banded stones like agate and carnelian. The stone's historical roots and continued use in modern jewelry underscore its enduring appeal and significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot: Born from Fire and Meteorites
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine. It forms under high-temperature conditions, typically in the Earth’s mantle, and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. The gem is often found in basaltic lava flows and volcanic rocks, where it cools and solidifies into its characteristic yellow-green to greenish-yellow color.
One of the most fascinating aspects of peridot is its extraterrestrial origin. A rare variety of peridot known as "pallasitic peridot" is found in meteorites. These stones are distinguished by their needle-like inclusions and lack of nickel, a key element in Earth-based peridot. The presence of peridot in meteorites highlights the gem’s cosmic connection and underscores its unique formation process.
Modern commercial sources of peridot include Arizona (USA), Pakistan, China, and Burma. These regions provide a steady supply of the gemstone, making it relatively accessible compared to other birthstones.
Spinel: A Diverse and Versatile Gem
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum oxide, with its color determined by trace elements. The gem forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks, often alongside corundum (ruby and sapphire). Spinel can be found in a variety of colors, from deep red and pink to blue, purple, and even colorless.
The most famous sources of spinel include Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. These regions have produced some of the finest and most historically significant spinel specimens. The gem’s versatility in color and clarity makes it a valuable addition to any jewelry collection, particularly for those who appreciate unique and rare gemstones.
Sardonyx: The Layered Beauty
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz. It is formed through the deposition of silica-rich solutions in cavities or cracks in rocks. The alternating layers of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (white or gray) create its distinctive banded appearance.
Sardonyx is typically found in regions with a history of volcanic activity, such as Brazil, India, and the United States. These sources provide a steady supply of the stone, ensuring its availability in the jewelry market. The gem’s affordability and durability make it a popular choice for both everyday wear and special occasion pieces.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Composition | Refractive Index | Cleavage | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Yellow-green | 6.5–7 | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | 1.65–1.70 | Perfect | Arizona, Pakistan, China |
| Spinel | Red, pink, orange, yellow, green, blue | 8 | MgAl₂O₄ | 1.718–1.736 | None | Burma, Sri Lanka, Tanzania |
| Sardonyx | Red and white bands | 6.5–7 | SiO₂ (microcrystalline quartz) | 1.48–1.53 | None | Brazil, India, U.S. |
These properties highlight the diversity and durability of August’s non-precious birthstones. Peridot, while relatively soft for a gemstone, is known for its vivid color and warmth. Spinel, on the other hand, is harder and more durable, making it suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications. Sardonyx, with its layered structure, is ideal for carving and engraving, which has contributed to its historical use in seals and pendants.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot: A Stone of Light and Renewal
Peridot is often associated with positive energy, renewal, and abundance. It is believed to promote calmness, reduce stress, and encourage emotional healing. In ancient Egypt, peridot was considered a sacred stone that brought protection and prosperity. It was also believed to have the power to ward off nightmares and negative thoughts.
In modern metaphysical practices, peridot is used to enhance self-confidence, creativity, and optimism. It is often recommended for individuals who are seeking to release old patterns and embrace new beginnings. The gem’s connection to the sun and its warm, inviting color make it a powerful symbol of light and vitality.
Spinel: A Gem of Passion and Clarity
Spinel is associated with passion, vitality, and emotional clarity. Its vibrant colors are thought to stimulate the heart chakra, promoting love, compassion, and emotional balance. Red and pink spinel, in particular, are believed to enhance romantic energy and deepen emotional connections.
In some traditions, spinel is considered a stone of protection and strength. It is believed to help individuals overcome fear, anxiety, and self-doubt. Its recent recognition as an August birthstone has led to a renewed interest in its metaphysical properties, making it a popular choice for those seeking a gemstone that supports both emotional and physical well-being.
Sardonyx: A Stone of Protection and Strength
Sardonyx is one of the most historically significant of the August birthstones. It is associated with protection, courage, and strength. In ancient times, it was believed to shield the wearer from negative energies and evil spirits. It was also used as a protective amulet for travelers and warriors.
Sardonyx is thought to enhance self-discipline and determination, making it a valuable stone for those who are working towards their goals. It is also believed to support emotional balance and help individuals stay grounded during times of stress or uncertainty. Its bold appearance and historical significance make it a powerful symbol of resilience and endurance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of August’s non-precious birthstones. While these gemstones are relatively durable, they still require gentle handling and appropriate cleaning methods.
Peridot
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. It is also sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes. To clean peridot jewelry, use a mild soap solution and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steamers, as these can damage the stone.
Store peridot separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in activities that may expose it to impact or abrasion.
Spinel
Spinel is a harder and more durable gemstone, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It is generally resistant to heat and chemicals, making it suitable for a variety of cleaning methods. A mild soap solution and a soft cloth are sufficient for regular cleaning.
Spinel can be cleaned using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, but it is always best to consult with a professional jeweler before using these methods. Store spinel jewelry in a dry, cool place to prevent any potential damage.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a tough and durable gemstone, with a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale. It is resistant to scratches and abrasions, making it ideal for everyday wear. A mild soap solution and a soft cloth are the best options for cleaning sardonyx jewelry.
Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can dull the stone’s surface. Sardonyx is also sensitive to heat, so it is important to keep it away from high temperatures.
Conclusion
The non-precious birthstones of August—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each offer a unique blend of beauty, history, and symbolism. These gemstones, though not classified as precious, hold a special place in the world of jewelry and gemology. Their vibrant colors, diverse properties, and rich histories make them a valuable addition to any collection.
Peridot, with its connection to the sun and its warm, inviting hue, represents renewal and vitality. Spinel, with its dazzling array of colors and recent reclassification, offers a modern and versatile option for those seeking a gemstone that is both beautiful and affordable. Sardonyx, with its ancient roots and bold banding, carries a sense of strength and protection.
Together, these gemstones form a triad that reflects the character of August—warm, vibrant, and full of possibility. Whether chosen for their historical significance, their gemological properties, or their symbolic meaning, peridot, spinel, and sardonyx continue to captivate and inspire those who wear them.