December, the final month of the year, is rich in tradition and symbolism, and so too is its collection of birthstones. Those born on December 31—on the cusp of the year’s end—share a special connection to the gemstones associated with the month. December is uniquely blessed with multiple birthstones, each with its own history, properties, and significance. These include Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite, and Blue Topaz, with Beryl, Sapphire, Emerald, and Chalcedony also appearing in certain birthstone systems tied to zodiac signs and spiritual traditions. The diversity of December’s gemstones reflects the month's complexity and its place as a time of reflection, closure, and new beginnings.
This article explores the gemological properties, historical uses, cultural symbolism, and care tips for the gemstones associated with December, with a particular focus on December 31. Drawing from the most reliable and consistent information in the provided sources, it presents a comprehensive guide for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
History and Lore
The December birthstones have been treasured for centuries, with their histories spanning continents and cultures. Turquoise, for example, is one of the oldest known gemstones, used in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica. The name turquoise is derived from the French pierre turquoise, meaning "Turkish stone," a reference to how it was historically traded through Turkey’s markets from Persia and the Sinai Peninsula.
Zircon, another December birthstone, has a rich history in ancient India and the Middle East. Its name is believed to come from the Arabic zankāfī, meaning "gold-like," and it was often used as a substitute for diamonds in historical jewelry due to its brilliance and refractive properties. In medieval Europe, zircons were worn by physicians for their supposed diagnostic powers, and in India, it was believed to be more effective when set in gold.
Tanzanite, the youngest of December’s birthstones, was discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s. Its striking blue-violet color made it an instant favorite, and it was quickly embraced as a December birthstone. Its brief but impactful history is a testament to the evolving nature of birthstone traditions.
In Scottish history, beryl was part of the national regalia and was considered a “stone of power” by the Highlanders. Sir Walter Scott, a 19th-century historian and poet, noted its use as a talisman. The gem was believed to symbolize undying youth, and in some traditions, it was associated with the magical power of a frog engraved on its surface to reconcile enemies.
Sapphire, another gemstone associated with December, has long been revered as a stone of wisdom and divine thought. Ancient Hebrews believed it was the stone of Joseph the Wise, while in some traditions, it was part of King Solomon’s ring and even hidden in the Holy of Holies in the Jewish Temple.
Emerald and chalcedony, associated with the zodiac signs Sagittarius and Capricorn respectively, further enrich the December birthstone tapestry. Emerald was thought to bring love and safe childbirth, while chalcedony was considered a stone of protection and was linked to the zodiacal transition period between Sagittarius and Capricorn.
These diverse histories show how deeply embedded the December gemstones are in cultural and spiritual traditions, making them more than just decorative stones—they are symbols of protection, wisdom, and transformation.
Geological Formation and Sources
The December birthstones originate from a variety of geological formations and geographic locations, each contributing to the unique properties and availability of the gems.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, typically formed in the oxidation zones of copper deposits. It is most commonly found in arid regions where it can form in the presence of water and other minerals. Major sources include Persia (modern-day Iran), the Sinai Peninsula, and the Southwestern United States. Native Americans have historically mined turquoise in Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico, using it for jewelry, ceremonial objects, and even as currency.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate that occurs in a wide range of colors, including colorless, yellow, orange, red, and blue. It is a durable mineral that can withstand high temperatures and geological processes, which is why some zircon crystals are among the oldest minerals on Earth, dating back over 4.4 billion years. The majority of zircon gemstones are sourced from Australia and South Africa, with additional deposits in Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. Blue zircon is often heat-treated to enhance or stabilize its color.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a rare blue-violet variety of the mineral zoisite and is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. Its color is due to the presence of vanadium and its transformation under heat treatment. Tanzanite was discovered in the 1960s and quickly became a popular gemstone. It is one of the few gemstones to be found in only one location in the world, making it highly valuable and sought after.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a color-treated variety of topaz, a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. Natural blue topaz is extremely rare, and most blue topaz is created through irradiation and heat treatment. Topaz is found in a variety of locations around the world, including Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. It is known for its clarity and brilliance, and its affordability makes it a popular choice for jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone has distinct gemological properties that affect its appearance, durability, and care requirements. Below is a detailed comparison of the key properties of the most notable December birthstones.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Chemical Composition | Refractive Index (RI) | Transparency | Cut Types |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | Al₂(Cu,Fe)₄(PO₄)₆(OH)₈·4H₂O | 1.61–1.65 | Opaque | Cabochon, Bead |
| Zircon | Colorless to blue | 6–7.5 | ZrSiO₄ | 1.92–2.01 | Transparent | Brilliant, Round |
| Tanzanite | Blue-violet | 6–7 | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 1.69–1.70 | Transparent | Trillion, Cushion |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | 1.62–1.64 | Transparent | Round, Oval |
| Beryl (Emerald) | Green | 7.5–8 | Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ | 1.57–1.59 | Transparent | Emerald, Round |
| Sapphire | Blue | 9 | Al₂O₃ | 1.76–1.78 | Transparent | Round, Oval |
| Chalcedony | White to gray | 6.5–7 | SiO₂ (microcrystalline quartz) | 1.48–1.53 | Translucent | Cabochon, Bead |
These properties influence how each gemstone is used in jewelry and how it should be cared for. For instance, turquoise is typically cut as a cabochon due to its softness and porosity, while sapphire and topaz are often used in brilliant cuts due to their high hardness and refractive qualities.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones have long been associated with various symbolic and metaphysical properties across different cultures and eras.
Turquoise
Turquoise has been considered a stone of protection and good fortune for millennia. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off illness and danger, with some traditions suggesting that it would turn pale if the wearer was in danger. It was also used as a symbol of friendship, with the belief that it preserved relationships when given as a gift. Tibetans regarded it as a stone of health and success, and it was even used as a form of currency in the region.
Zircon
Zircon has been used as an amulet for protection and was believed to have healing properties. In the Middle Ages, it was worn by physicians to aid in diagnosis. In India, it was thought to be more potent when set in gold. Zircon was also used as a protective charm against the Black Death and was considered a powerful counter to evil spirits.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite, being a newer gemstone, has a more modern metaphysical significance. It is often associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual awakening. Some believe it enhances emotional balance and promotes inner peace. As a rare stone found only in Tanzania, it is also seen as a symbol of exclusivity and uniqueness.
Beryl
Beryl, particularly in its emerald form, has long been associated with youth, vitality, and love. In Scottish tradition, it was considered a “stone of power” and was used as a talisman. Ancient cultures believed that a frog engraved on beryl could help reconcile enemies and foster friendships.
Sapphire
Sapphire has been revered as a stone of wisdom and divine thought. In ancient Hebrew tradition, it was the stone of Joseph the Wise, symbolizing his ability to resist temptation. It was also believed to be part of King Solomon’s ring and the talisman hidden in the Jewish Temple. In some traditions, sapphire was considered a stone of protection against evil forces.
Emerald
Emerald is a symbol of love, fertility, and prosperity. It was associated with the goddess Venus and was considered especially lucky for women, bringing safe childbirth and family happiness. In Babylonian mythology, a magical tree with emeralds as fruit was seen as a symbol of life and immortality.
Chalcedony
Chalcedony is a protective stone that was used in ancient times to guard against negative energy and to promote calmness. It was also considered a stone of strength and vitality, particularly for those in transition periods such as the zodiac shift from Sagittarius to Capricorn.
These beliefs, though varying across cultures, reflect a common thread of using gemstones as more than just ornaments—they were seen as powerful tools for protection, healing, and spiritual growth.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential for preserving the beauty and integrity of December birthstone jewelry. The following guidelines are based on the physical properties of each gemstone.
Turquoise
Due to its relatively low hardness and porosity, turquoise should be handled with care. It should not be exposed to water, heat, or chemicals, as these can cause it to lose color or become damaged. Cleaning should be done with a soft, dry cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively hard but can be sensitive to heat. It is best to clean it with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution, but prolonged exposure to high heat should be avoided.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using harsh chemicals or steamers, as these can damage the gemstone. It is also advisable to store tanzanite separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone with a high hardness rating. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are also safe for use.
Beryl (Emerald)
Emerald is a relatively soft gemstone and is prone to chipping if mishandled. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can damage the gemstone.
Sapphire
Sapphire is one of the hardest gemstones, second only to diamond. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are also suitable.
Chalcedony
Chalcedony is a relatively soft gemstone that can be damaged by harsh chemicals. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners.
Proper care ensures that December birthstone jewelry retains its beauty and value over time.
Conclusion
December is a month of transition, marked by endings and new beginnings, and its gemstones reflect this duality. From the ancient turquoise and zircon to the modern tanzanite and blue topaz, December’s birthstones offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and beauty. Each gemstone has its own unique properties, sources, and cultural significance, making them not only meaningful for those born in December but also for anyone who appreciates the artistry and science of gemstones.
Whether as a symbol of protection, a talisman for wisdom, or a representation of love and friendship, December’s birthstones continue to capture the imagination of gemstone enthusiasts around the world. Understanding their geological properties and historical significance adds depth to their appreciation, while proper care ensures their enduring beauty.
For those born on December 31 or those who simply resonate with these gemstones, the December birthstones offer a connection to the past, a celebration of the present, and a promise of the future.