August is one of the few months in the birthstone calendar to be represented by not one, but three gemstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. These stones offer a rich tapestry of color, symbolism, and historical significance. From the vibrant green of peridot, once believed to carry the power of the sun, to the bold red-and-white bands of sardonyx and the diverse hues of spinel, August's birthstones have been treasured across centuries for their beauty and meaning. This article explores the origins, gemological properties, historical uses, and cultural symbolism of these three stones, drawing on expert and historical sources to provide a comprehensive overview.
Origins and Evolution of the August Birthstone Tradition
The concept of birthstones is deeply rooted in ancient traditions. One of the earliest known references to gemstones being associated with months of the year appears in the Breastplate of Aaron, as described in the Book of Exodus in the Hebrew Bible. This sacred artifact, worn by the High Priest of the Israelites, featured twelve gemstones, each corresponding to one of the twelve tribes of Israel. These were thought to align with the zodiac signs and the months of the year, forming the foundation of the modern birthstone tradition.
The modern birthstone calendar began to take shape in the 18th century in Poland, where Jewish gem traders began associating specific stones with each month. Over time, this practice spread across Europe and eventually into the Western world, evolving into the standardized list of birthstones we recognize today. August, with its three distinct gemstones, holds a unique place in this tradition, offering a greater diversity of options than most other months.
The August Birthstones: An Overview
The three gemstones associated with August—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—are each distinct in color, composition, and cultural significance. While peridot is considered the primary modern August birthstone, spinel and sardonyx are also recognized as traditional and historical options. These stones reflect the richness of gemological diversity and the varied symbolic meanings attributed to them across different cultures.
Peridot: The "Gem of the Sun"
Historical Significance
Peridot has a long and storied history, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt. The gem was believed to have protective powers, particularly in warding off nightmares and evil spirits. Ancient Egyptians called peridot the “gem of the sun,” associating it with the life-giving properties of the sun and the warmth it brought to the world. Some of the finest peridot specimens have even been found in meteorites, a testament to its cosmic origins and natural rarity.
The name "peridot" is derived from the Arabic word "faridat," meaning "gem." It was highly prized by Egyptian pharaohs and was often used in royal jewelry. Some sources suggest that peridot was also used in the creation of the famous emerald-green glass known as "Swarovski glass," although this is not a widely accepted theory in formal gemology.
Peridot was also mistaken for emerald and topaz throughout history. For example, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is decorated with 200 carats of gems that were believed to be emeralds but are, in fact, peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have been comprised of peridot.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine. It is known for its distinctive lime-green color, though the shade may vary from yellowish-green to olive to brownish-green, depending on the iron content. One of the unique aspects of peridot is that it occurs in only one color, making it a rare gemstone in that respect.
Peridot has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it moderately durable but not as tough as diamonds or sapphires. It is often cut into faceted shapes to enhance its brilliance and is commonly used in rings, earrings, and pendants.
Peridot is also found in meteorites, particularly the Allende meteorite, which fell in Mexico in 1969. This adds to its allure as a cosmic gemstone and reinforces the ancient belief in its connection to the sun.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
In ancient times, peridot was believed to promote good health, peace, and harmony. It was also associated with compassion, restful sleep, and the ability to manage anger. Some cultures believed that peridot could cure depression and bring mental clarity.
Modern metaphysical beliefs continue to associate peridot with emotional healing, optimism, and inner peace. It is also believed to ward off negative energy and promote spiritual growth.
Sardonyx: A Talisman of Strength and Courage
Historical and Cultural Significance
Sardonyx has a rich history in ancient Rome and Greece, where it was used as a protective talisman in times of war. It was often carved into cameos and intaglios for use in seals and signet rings. The stone was believed to enhance courage and strength, making it a favored gem among soldiers and leaders.
The name "sardonyx" is derived from the Greek words "sardion," meaning "red", and "onyx," referring to the banded chalcedony. The stone is characterized by its striking bands of red-brown and white, which create a visually appealing contrast.
Sardonyx was also used in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, where it was considered a protective stone for travelers and warriors. In medieval Europe, it was used in jewelry and amulets to ward off negative influences and promote good fortune.
Gemological Properties
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony, a type of microcrystalline quartz. It is composed of silica (SiO₂) and is known for its distinct red-brown and white bands. The stone has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it durable enough for everyday wear.
Sardonyx is often cut into cabochons or cameos, as its banded patterns are best displayed in these styles. It is also commonly used in signet rings, amulets, and brooches.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sardonyx is believed to enhance courage, strength, and determination. It is also associated with honor, self-control, and the ability to overcome adversity. In modern metaphysical practices, sardonyx is used to protect against negative energy, promote emotional stability, and encourage perseverance in difficult times.
Spinel: The Underappreciated Gem
Historical Misidentification
Spinel is a relatively recent addition to the modern birthstone calendar, and it was long mistaken for ruby due to its deep red color. In fact, some of the most famous "rubies" in history, including the "Black Prince’s Ruby" set in the British Imperial State Crown, are actually red spinels.
Spinel was underappreciated for centuries because it was hard to distinguish from ruby, and many of the finest red spinels were misidentified as rubies. It wasn't until the 19th century that gemologists began to recognize spinel as a distinct mineral.
Gemological Properties
Spinel is a silicate mineral composed of magnesium aluminum oxide (MgAl₂O₄). It occurs in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, yellow, green, blue, and even black. The red and pink varieties are the most valuable and are often confused with ruby and pink sapphire.
Spinel has a Mohs hardness of 8, making it very durable and suitable for everyday wear. It is often cut into faceted gems to display its brilliance and fire.
Spinel is found in metamorphic and igneous rocks, particularly in areas with high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. Major sources include Burmah (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Tanzania.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Spinel is believed to promote vitality, energy, and passion. It is also associated with love, compassion, and emotional healing. In modern metaphysical practices, spinel is used to enhance self-confidence, stimulate creativity, and bring balance to the emotional body.
Care and Maintenance of August Birthstones
Each of August's birthstones requires specific care to maintain its beauty and durability. Here are some guidelines for caring for peridot, sardonyx, and spinel:
Peridot
- Avoid harsh chemicals, as peridot is susceptible to acid.
- Clean with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth.
- Store peridot separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Sardonyx
- Gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap is sufficient.
- Avoid abrasive materials that can scratch the surface.
- Store sardonyx in a dry place to prevent damage from moisture.
Spinel
- Spinel is durable, but it should still be cleaned with care.
- Use warm, soapy water and a soft brush to remove dirt and grime.
- Avoid exposure to extreme heat or sudden temperature changes.
Conclusion
The three gemstones of August—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—offer a rich and varied legacy of beauty, symbolism, and historical significance. From the protective powers of sardonyx to the cosmic origins of peridot and the misidentified brilliance of spinel, these stones reflect the diverse ways in which humans have valued and revered gemstones across time.
Whether worn as jewelry, amulets, or talismans, these stones continue to inspire awe and admiration. Their unique colors, properties, and meanings make them ideal choices for August birthdays, offering both aesthetic appeal and spiritual significance.
As gemology continues to evolve, the story of August's birthstones remains an enduring testament to the beauty and mystery of the natural world.