Gemstones have long held a special place in human history, symbolizing everything from divine power to personal protection. Among these, the birthstones assigned to each month of the year are particularly meaningful, blending scientific properties, historical significance, and cultural symbolism. August and September are no exception, as they are associated with a selection of gemstones that reflect a rich tapestry of geology, tradition, and aesthetic appeal.
This article explores the birthstones of August and September—peridot, spinel, sardonyx, and sapphire—focusing on their geological formation, historical and cultural importance, gemological properties, and their roles in modern jewelry. With insights drawn from authoritative sources, this in-depth guide is tailored for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology who wish to understand these stones in their full depth.
A History of Designation
The tradition of assigning gemstones to each month of the year has its roots in ancient civilizations. While early connections were often made with astrological signs rather than calendar months, the modern system of birthstones was first standardized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers in the United States. This effort aimed to create a consistent and commercially viable system, allowing for a greater variety of options for each month.
August, for example, originally recognized sardonyx as its primary birthstone. However, peridot gradually gained popularity and is now widely recognized as the dominant August gemstone. In 2016, spinel was officially added to the list, acknowledging its growing appeal and distinct beauty. Meanwhile, September has consistently been associated with the sapphire, a gemstone that has been revered for centuries for its deep blue color and symbolic significance.
August’s Trio: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx
Peridot: The Olive-Green Gem
Peridot is the most well-known of August’s three birthstones. It is a variety of the mineral olivine, distinguished by its vibrant yellowish-green to greenish-yellow color. This coloration is due to the presence of iron in its chemical composition. Unlike many other gemstones, peridot always displays the same hue under any light source, making it a unique and easily identifiable gem.
Historically, peridot was often mistaken for other green gems such as topaz and emerald. This confusion is particularly evident in the case of the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, where some gems believed to be emeralds are actually peridot. Some historians even suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have included peridot stones from the Red Sea island of Topazios, a significant source of this gem.
Peridot is not only valued for its beauty but also for its symbolism. It is associated with strength, good fortune, and peace, and is believed to have protective qualities. It is said to ward off evil and nightmares, making it a popular choice for those seeking a meaningful and beneficial gemstone.
Spinel: A Vibrant Alternative
Spinel, a relatively recent addition to the August birthstone list, has been gaining recognition for its vibrant colors and exceptional brilliance. It was officially added in 2016 to acknowledge its growing popularity and unique characteristics. Spinel comes in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, and even black, but the most notable for August are its vivid orange and red hues.
Spinel is often mistaken for ruby due to its similar appearance, particularly in red varieties. However, it has a distinct chemical composition and is more durable than ruby. It is also less expensive, making it an accessible and attractive option for those looking to incorporate a high-quality gemstone into their jewelry without the premium price tag.
Spinel is not only admired for its beauty but also for its symbolism. It is associated with vitality, energy, and emotional balance. Its vibrant colors make it a versatile gemstone that can complement a wide range of jewelry styles.
Sardonyx: The Historical Gem
Sardonyx is the third gemstone associated with August and represents the historical connection to this month. It is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline quartz, and is known for its distinct banding of red and white or brown and white. This banding is formed through the deposition of silica in layers over time, creating the unique patterns that make sardonyx so distinctive.
Sardonyx has been used for centuries in jewelry and carvings, particularly in ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Rome. It was believed to bring protection and strength to the wearer, making it a popular choice for amulets and talismans. In the past, it was considered a powerful gemstone for warriors and leaders, symbolizing courage and determination.
While sardonyx has been historically significant, its role as an August birthstone has diminished in recent years, with peridot and spinel taking a more prominent place. However, it remains a valuable and meaningful gemstone for those who appreciate its historical and symbolic significance.
September’s Gem: The Sapphire
The Deep Blue Symbol of Wisdom
Sapphire is the traditional and most well-known birthstone for September. Known for its deep blue color, it has been revered for centuries as a symbol of wisdom, virtue, and good fortune. While blue is the most common color, sapphires can come in a wide range of hues, including pink, yellow, green, and even colorless, with the exception of red, which is reserved for ruby.
Sapphires are composed of the mineral corundum, the same mineral that forms ruby. The difference in color is due to trace elements such as iron and titanium. The most valuable sapphires are those with a rich, deep blue color and high clarity.
Sapphires have a long and storied history, having been prized by royalty and nobility throughout the ages. They were believed to bring protection and divine favor, and were often set into crowns, rings, and other royal regalia. In medieval times, sapphires were thought to be the favorite gem of the divine and to symbolize the heavens and truth.
In modern times, sapphires remain a popular choice for engagement rings and other fine jewelry. Their durability and timeless beauty make them a classic option for those seeking a meaningful and enduring gemstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot
Peridot forms in the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is commonly found in mafic and ultramafic rocks, such as basalts and peridotites. The most significant sources of peridot include:
- Zabargad Island (St. John’s Island): Located in the Red Sea, this island has been a major source of peridot for centuries. It was the likely source of the stones that were mistaken for emeralts in Cleopatra’s collection.
- Arizona, USA: Arizona is one of the largest sources of peridot in the world, particularly in the San Carlos Apache Reservation. The gemstone is mined from basaltic rocks and is often of high quality.
- Nigeria and Egypt: These countries also produce significant amounts of peridot, with deposits found in various geological formations.
Spinel
Spinel forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks, particularly in marble and basalt. It is often found in association with ruby and other corundum minerals. The most notable sources of spinel include:
- Myanmar (Burma): Myanmar is one of the most significant sources of spinel, particularly the vivid red and pink varieties. These gems have been historically mistaken for rubies and have been used in royal jewelry collections.
- Afghanistan: Afghanistan produces high-quality spinel, particularly in the Khost and Paktika provinces. These gems are known for their vibrant colors and clarity.
- Vietnam and Sri Lanka: These countries also produce notable quantities of spinel, with Sri Lanka being known for its orange and red spinel stones.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony and forms through the deposition of silica in layers over time. It is commonly found in sedimentary rocks and is often associated with other chalcedony varieties such as onyx and carnelian. The primary sources of sardonyx include:
- India: India has been a significant source of sardonyx for centuries, particularly in the regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat. These stones are often carved into intricate designs and used in jewelry and decorative objects.
- Brazil: Brazil produces high-quality sardonyx, particularly in the state of Bahia. The gemstone is often used in cabochon form and is popular for its distinctive banding.
- United States: The United States, particularly in states such as Arizona and New Mexico, also has deposits of sardonyx that are used for jewelry and carvings.
Sapphire
Sapphires form in metamorphic and igneous rocks, particularly in granites and schists. They are brought to the surface through tectonic activity and are often found in association with other corundum minerals. The most notable sources of sapphire include:
- Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka has been a major source of sapphires for centuries. The gems are known for their clarity and vibrant blue color. The island is also known for producing sapphires in a wide range of colors.
- Myanmar (Burma): Myanmar is one of the most famous sources of sapphire, particularly the famous "Padparadscha" sapphire, a rare pink-orange variety. The Mogok region is particularly well-known for its high-quality sapphires.
- Australia: Australia is a significant source of sapphires, particularly in the state of Queensland. The gems are often of high quality and are used in both jewelry and industrial applications.
- Madagascar and Thailand: These countries also produce notable quantities of sapphire, with Madagascar being known for its blue and pink sapphires and Thailand for its heat-treated sapphires.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index | Chemical Composition | Specific Gravity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Yellow-Green | 6.5–7 | 1.65–1.70 | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | 3.3–4.4 |
| Spinel | Red, Orange, Pink, etc. | 8 | 1.718–1.733 | MgAl₂O₄ | 3.9–4.1 |
| Sardonyx | Banded Red/White or Brown/White | 6.5–7 | 1.53–1.54 | SiO₂ (Chalcedony) | 2.58–2.64 |
| Sapphire | Blue, Pink, Yellow, etc. | 9 | 1.76–1.78 | Al₂O₃ (Corundum) | 3.95–4.10 |
Peridot
Peridot is known for its vibrant yellow-green color, which is due to the presence of iron in its chemical composition. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still requiring care when worn in daily jewelry. Peridot has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70, which gives it a moderate level of brilliance. Its specific gravity ranges from 3.3 to 4.4, depending on the iron content.
Spinel
Spinel is a versatile gemstone that comes in a wide range of colors. It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than peridot but less than sapphire. Spinel has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.733, which gives it a bright and lively appearance. Its specific gravity ranges from 3.9 to 4.1, making it slightly heavier than peridot.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.53 to 1.54, which gives it a moderate level of brilliance. Its specific gravity ranges from 2.58 to 2.64, making it one of the lighter gemstones in the August and September birthstone selection.
Sapphire
Sapphire is one of the hardest gemstones, with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.76 to 1.78, which gives it a brilliant and fiery appearance. Sapphire has a specific gravity of 3.95 to 4.10, making it slightly heavier than spinel but lighter than peridot.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy and emotional well-being. It is believed to promote strength, good fortune, and peace. In ancient times, it was used as a protective gemstone, particularly for travelers and those who needed to ward off negative influences. It was also believed to help with sleep and to protect against nightmares.
In modern times, peridot continues to be associated with these same qualities. It is often used in jewelry as a symbol of renewal, positivity, and balance. It is also believed to enhance creativity and to encourage personal growth and self-discovery.
Spinel
Spinel is associated with vitality, energy, and emotional balance. It is believed to help the wearer maintain a positive outlook and to enhance their ability to handle stress and challenges. Spinel is also associated with love and compassion, making it a popular choice for those seeking to strengthen their relationships.
In addition to its emotional benefits, spinel is also believed to have physical healing properties. It is said to help with circulatory issues, to improve digestion, and to enhance the immune system. It is also believed to help with skin conditions and to promote overall health and well-being.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has been used for centuries as a protective and empowering gemstone. It is believed to bring strength, courage, and determination to the wearer. In ancient times, it was often worn by warriors and leaders to help them face their challenges with confidence and resolve.
Sardonyx is also associated with discipline and organization. It is believed to help the wearer stay focused and to maintain a sense of balance in their life. It is also associated with truth and integrity, making it a valuable gemstone for those who wish to live a life of honesty and authenticity.
Sapphire
Sapphire is one of the most revered gemstones in history, and it has long been associated with wisdom, virtue, and good fortune. It is believed to promote clarity of thought, to enhance decision-making, and to encourage a sense of purpose and direction. In ancient times, sapphires were used to communicate with the divine and to receive guidance from the heavens.
Sapphires are also associated with loyalty and nobility. They have been used in royal regalia and in the crowns of monarchs, symbolizing power and authority. In modern times, sapphires continue to be associated with these same qualities, making them a popular choice for engagement rings and other meaningful jewelry.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. This means that it can be easily scratched or damaged if not handled with care. When cleaning peridot jewelry, it is best to use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Peridot is also sensitive to heat and can be damaged if exposed to high temperatures for extended periods. It is important to avoid exposing peridot to direct sunlight for long periods, as this can cause the color to fade. It is also important to store peridot separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Spinel
Spinel is a harder gemstone than peridot, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more durable and less prone to scratches. However, it is still important to handle spinel jewelry with care to avoid any potential damage.
When cleaning spinel, it is best to use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone. Spinel is also sensitive to heat and can be damaged if exposed to high temperatures for extended periods. It is important to avoid exposing spinel to direct sunlight for long periods, as this can cause the color to fade.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. This means that it can be easily scratched or damaged if not handled with care. When cleaning sardonyx jewelry, it is best to use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Sardonyx is also sensitive to heat and can be damaged if exposed to high temperatures for extended periods. It is important to avoid exposing sardonyx to direct sunlight for long periods, as this can cause the color to fade. It is also important to store sardonyx separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Sapphire
Sapphire is one of the hardest gemstones, with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale. This makes it extremely durable and resistant to scratches. However, it is still important to handle sapphire jewelry with care to avoid any potential damage.
When cleaning sapphire, it is best to use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone. Sapphire is also sensitive to heat and can be damaged if exposed to high temperatures for extended periods. It is important to avoid exposing sapphire to direct sunlight for long periods, as this can cause the color to fade.
Conclusion
The birthstones of August and September—peridot, spinel, sardonyx, and sapphire—offer a fascinating blend of geological beauty, historical significance, and cultural symbolism. Each of these gemstones has a unique story, from the vibrant green of peridot to the deep blue of sapphire. Whether you are drawn to the protective qualities of sardonyx, the energetic brilliance of spinel, or the timeless elegance of sapphire, these stones provide a meaningful connection to the natural world and to the traditions that have shaped human history.
For those who seek to wear a piece of this history, these gemstones offer not only stunning beauty but also a sense of purpose and meaning. Whether used in fine jewelry or as a personal talisman, these stones continue to inspire and captivate, reminding us of the enduring power of gemstones to connect us with the past, the present, and the future.