August is a month uniquely honored in the realm of gemstones, as it is associated with not one, but three distinct birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each of these gems carries a rich tapestry of geological intrigue, historical significance, and symbolic meaning. While peridot is recognized as the primary August birthstone, spinel and sardonyx are acknowledged as modern and traditional alternatives, respectively. This article delves into the properties, origins, and cultural importance of these gemstones, offering a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry connoisseurs.
Historical Significance and Cultural Lore
The historical lineage of August’s birthstones is both extensive and fascinating. Peridot, the most prominent of the three, has been revered for millennia. Its use as a gemstone dates back to ancient Egypt, where it was mined from the island of St. John’s in the Red Sea, known as Topazios. This island was also believed to be the source of the gem that gave the name to the mineral topaz, although it was actually peridot that was extracted there. The gem was highly valued in Egyptian culture and was often used in amulets and jewelry.
In medieval Europe, peridot was mistakenly identified as emerald in several notable works of art. A notable example is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, which features what were believed to be emeralds but are now identified as peridot. Similarly, some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have been composed of peridot. These historical misidentifications underscore the gem’s long-standing appeal and its ability to be mistaken for other, more expensive stones.
Sardonyx, the traditional August birthstone, has a history that predates peridot. It has been used in jewelry and amulets for over 4,000 years and was especially popular in ancient Rome and Egypt. The name sardonyx is derived from the Greek words for "red" and "onyx," referring to its characteristic red-brown and white banded appearance. Sardonyx was often used to create signet rings and was believed to offer protection and strength to its wearer.
Spinel, the modern alternative to sardonyx, has gained recognition in recent years as a valuable and versatile gemstone. It was often confused with ruby and other red gems in the past, particularly because of its similar color and brilliance. However, with advancements in gemology, spinel has been properly identified and appreciated for its unique qualities. Its inclusion as an August birthstone in 2016 reflects a growing appreciation for lesser-known but equally beautiful gemstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological formation of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity and value.
Peridot
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, which is formed under extreme geological conditions. It is typically found in igneous rocks that are rich in magnesium and iron. These rocks are often the result of volcanic activity, and peridot can be found in the hardened lava flows that bring it to the Earth’s surface. In addition to being found in terrestrial locations, peridot has also been discovered in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones with extraterrestrial origins.
The most notable sources of peridot include India, China, Pakistan, Myanmar, and the United States. In the U.S., Arizona is particularly known for its high-quality peridot deposits. The gemstone is also found in the lava fields of Hawaii and the mines of Kashmir. The presence of peridot in meteorites adds to its mystique and underscores its connection to the cosmos.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of onyx, which is a form of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz. Chalcedony forms in the cavities of volcanic rocks and is composed of silicon dioxide. Sardonyx is characterized by its alternating bands of red-brown and white, which are the result of variations in the mineral composition and the presence of iron. These bands give the gemstone its distinctive appearance and make it ideal for carving and engraving.
Historically, sardonyx was mined in various parts of the ancient world, including the Middle East, North Africa, and the Mediterranean. The gemstone was particularly prized in ancient Rome and Egypt, where it was used to create intricate jewelry and signet rings. Today, sardonyx is still mined in several countries, including India, Brazil, and Mexico.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate. It is formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is often found in association with other gemstones such as ruby and sapphire. Spinel can be found in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, yellow, green, blue, and black. The most valuable and sought-after varieties are the red and pink spinels, which are often mistaken for rubies.
Spinel is found in several countries, including Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Tanzania. In recent years, significant deposits have also been discovered in Madagascar and Vietnam. The increasing recognition of spinel as a distinct gemstone has led to a rise in its popularity, particularly among collectors and jewelry designers.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of peridot, sardonyx, and spinel are essential to understanding their durability, care, and suitability for different types of jewelry.
Peridot
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage if not handled with care. Its refractive index ranges from 1.650 to 1.690, and it has a vitreous luster. Peridot is also known for its pleochroism, meaning that it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. The most desirable color for peridot is a vivid lime green, although it can also appear in olive green and yellow-green tones.
Peridot is typically transparent to translucent and is often cut into faceted shapes to enhance its brilliance. It is also used in cabochon form, particularly for beads and pendants. The gemstone is sensitive to heat and should be cleaned with mild soap and water to avoid damage.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, similar to peridot. It is composed of chalcedony, which is a form of quartz, and has a waxy to vitreous luster. The gemstone is known for its distinct banding, which is the result of alternating layers of different minerals. Sardonyx is often cut into cabochons or carved into intricate designs, particularly for use in signet rings and seals.
The gemstone is relatively durable but should still be handled with care to avoid scratches and chips. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Due to its banded appearance, sardonyx is often used in jewelry that requires a more subdued or elegant look.
Spinel
Spinel has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the more durable gemstones in the August birthstone trio. It has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.834 and a vitreous luster. Spinel is known for its brilliance and clarity, and it is often compared to ruby and sapphire in terms of optical properties.
Spinel is available in a wide range of colors, with the most valuable being the deep red and pink varieties. The gemstone is often cut into faceted shapes to enhance its brilliance and is also used in cabochon form for beads and pendants. Spinel is relatively easy to care for and can be cleaned with mild soap and water. Its durability makes it suitable for use in a variety of jewelry, including rings, earrings, and pendants.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties associated with these gemstones have been passed down through various cultures and eras.
Peridot
Peridot is often associated with good health, peace, and harmony. It is believed to have healing properties and is said to ward off nightmares and promote restful sleep. In ancient times, peridot was used as a protective stone and was believed to bring prosperity and good fortune to its wearer. The gemstone is also associated with the Sun and is believed to enhance vitality and energy.
In modern times, peridot is often used in jewelry to bring a sense of calm and balance to the wearer. It is also believed to help with anger management and is used in meditation practices to promote a sense of inner peace.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is traditionally associated with courage, strength, and protection. It is believed to offer its wearer the ability to overcome obstacles and to provide a sense of security and confidence. In ancient times, sardonyx was used in amulets and was often carried by warriors and leaders as a symbol of their strength and determination.
The gemstone is also believed to have protective properties and is used in jewelry to shield the wearer from negative energies and to promote a sense of stability and grounding. Sardonyx is often used in signet rings and is believed to enhance one’s ability to communicate effectively and to make wise decisions.
Spinel
Spinel is associated with a wide range of symbolic meanings, depending on its color. Red and pink spinels are often associated with passion, love, and vitality, while blue and green spinels are associated with calmness, wisdom, and healing. In ancient times, spinel was believed to have protective properties and was often used in amulets to ward off evil and to bring good fortune.
Spinel is also believed to enhance one’s sense of intuition and to promote a sense of balance and harmony. It is often used in meditation and is believed to help the wearer connect with their inner self and to enhance their spiritual awareness.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and durability of these gemstones.
Peridot
Peridot should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water using a soft cloth or brush. It is sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures or harsh chemicals. Peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It is relatively durable but should still be handled with care to avoid scratches and chips. Sardonyx should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent damage.
Spinel
Spinel is one of the more durable gemstones in the August birthstone trio and can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water. It is resistant to heat and chemicals and can be safely cleaned using ultrasonic and steam cleaners. Spinel should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each offer a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Peridot, with its vibrant green hues and ancient associations, remains a popular choice for jewelry and spiritual use. Sardonyx, the traditional birthstone, has been cherished for thousands of years and continues to be valued for its strength and protective qualities. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, has gained a new appreciation as a modern birthstone and is now recognized for its brilliance and durability.
Whether worn for their aesthetic appeal or their symbolic significance, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire. Their enduring presence in both historical and contemporary jewelry traditions underscores their importance and their lasting appeal.