The tradition of assigning gemstones to each month of the year has deep historical roots, blending astrological beliefs, mineral lore, and cultural symbolism. August and May, in particular, are associated with gemstones that have captivated jewelers, historians, and collectors for centuries. August is represented by three official birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—while May is represented by emerald and pearl. These gemstones are not only admired for their beauty but also for their rich histories, unique geological properties, and enduring cultural significance.
This article provides an in-depth exploration of the August and May birthstones, drawing exclusively from authoritative sources. It will examine their historical uses, geological characteristics, symbolic meanings, and modern relevance in the world of jewelry and gemology.
History and Lore
Origins of the August Birthstones
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each have distinct historical legacies that trace back to ancient civilizations. Sardonyx, the oldest of the three, has been valued for over 4,000 years. In ancient Rome, it was particularly favored for signet rings due to its smooth surface, which prevented wax from sticking. The gem was also used in seals and amulets, often believed to carry protective and grounding energies.
Peridot, on the other hand, has a more complex history. It was often mistaken for topaz or emerald in ancient times due to its vibrant green color. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have included peridot. This confusion is not surprising, as peridot was found on the island of Topazios in the Red Sea, a site historically associated with topaz. The August birthstone's name is derived from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem,” a testament to its longstanding appeal.
Spinel, the youngest of the August birthstones, was added to the list in 2016 by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA). For centuries, spinel was mistaken for ruby, especially in royal collections. Its recognition as a distinct gemstone has brought renewed attention to its vibrant colors and durability, making it a popular modern alternative.
Origins of the May Birthstones
May is represented by emerald and pearl, two of the most revered gemstones in the world. Emerald, a variety of beryl, has been cherished since ancient times for its lush green color and association with fertility, rebirth, and wisdom. The ancient Egyptians referred to it as the "stone of spring" and used it in jewelry and amulets. The emerald was also highly prized in the courts of Europe, particularly during the Renaissance, where it adorned the crowns and jewels of royalty.
Pearl, the second May birthstone, has a different but equally rich history. Unlike emerald, which is a mineral, pearl is an organic gem formed within the soft tissue of mollusks. Pearls have long been symbols of purity, elegance, and natural beauty. The ancient Greeks believed that pearls were the tears of the gods, while in Chinese culture, they were associated with immortality and the moon.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, a magnesium iron silicate. It forms under extreme geological conditions, typically in the Earth’s mantle, and is brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Peridot is also found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones that can be considered extraterrestrial in origin. The most notable sources of peridot include Zabargad Island (formerly known as St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea, Arizona in the United States, and Sri Lanka.
Peridot’s color ranges from yellow-green to deep olive green, depending on the iron content within the crystal structure. It is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it suitable for everyday jewelry, though it requires gentle handling to avoid scratches or damage.
Spinel
Spinel is a oxide mineral composed of aluminum and magnesium. It forms in a wide range of colors due to variations in trace elements. The most popular color in jewelry is vivid red, often mistaken for ruby. Other colors include pink, orange, blue, and black. Spinel is found in various locations around the world, including Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Madagascar.
Spinel has a Mohs hardness of 8, which makes it durable and ideal for rings and other frequently worn jewelry. Its refractive index ranges from 1.718 to 1.755, and it exhibits a glassy luster that enhances its brilliance when properly cut.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is characterized by its banded appearance, with alternating layers of reddish-brown sard and white or yellow onyx. The gem is often carved into cameos, seals, and pendants, particularly in antique and vintage jewelry.
Sardonyx is primarily mined in India, Brazil, and Nigeria. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, and its durability allows it to be used in a variety of jewelry applications, though it is best suited for pieces that are not subject to constant wear or impact.
Emerald
Emerald is a beryl gemstone, chemically composed of beryllium aluminum silicate. It owes its striking green color to trace amounts of chromium or vanadium. Emerald is formed in metamorphic rock, particularly in pegmatite and hydrothermal deposits. The most famous source of emerald is Columbia, which is responsible for producing over 50% of the world’s emeralds. Other notable sources include Zambia, Brazil, and Egypt.
Emerald has a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8, but it is relatively fragile due to its inclusion content. Many emeralds contain internal fractures, which can make them prone to chipping. As a result, emeralds are often oiled or treated with other substances to enhance clarity and stability.
Pearl
Pearls are organic gemstones formed within the soft tissue of certain mollusks, such as freshwater mussels and saltwater oysters. When a foreign particle enters the mollusk’s shell, it secretes layers of nacre—a combination of calcium carbonate and conchiolin—to coat the irritant. Over time, these layers form a smooth, lustrous pearl.
The most valuable pearls are cultured pearls, which are formed under controlled conditions. Akoya pearls from Japan, South Sea pearls from Australia, and freshwater pearls from China are among the most sought-after varieties. Unlike mineral gemstones, pearls vary in shape, size, and color, with white, cream, and pink being the most common hues.
Gemological Properties
Peridot
- Chemical Formula: (Mg,Fe)₂(SiO₄)
- Hardness (Mohs): 6.5–7
- Refractive Index: 1.650–1.690
- Specific Gravity: 3.30–3.40
- Color: Yellow-green to olive-green
- Luster: Glassy
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Common Sources: Zabargad Island, Arizona, Sri Lanka
Peridot is relatively easy to distinguish from other green gemstones due to its characteristic color zoning and double refraction. It is also one of the few gemstones that can be found in meteorites, making it a unique choice for collectors and jewelry enthusiasts.
Spinel
- Chemical Formula: MgAl₂O₄
- Hardness (Mohs): 8
- Refractive Index: 1.718–1.755
- Specific Gravity: 3.6–4.0
- Color: Red, pink, orange, blue, black
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Crystal System: Cubic
- Common Sources: Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Madagascar
Spinel is known for its brilliance and durability, making it an excellent alternative to ruby and sapphire. Its wide color range and high refractive index give it a sparkling appearance, particularly when cut in a brilliant or oval shape.
Sardonyx
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (with impurities)
- Hardness (Mohs): 6.5–7
- Refractive Index: 1.486–1.530
- Specific Gravity: 2.60–2.64
- Color: Banded red, white, and yellow
- Luster: Waxy to vitreous
- Transparency: Translucent
- Crystal System: Trigonal
- Common Sources: India, Brazil, Nigeria
Sardonyx is valued for its distinctive banding and historical significance. It is often carved into cameos and intaglios, and its durability makes it suitable for vintage and antique jewelry.
Emerald
- Chemical Formula: Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆
- Hardness (Mohs): 7.5–8
- Refractive Index: 1.574–1.582
- Specific Gravity: 2.67–2.78
- Color: Green (due to chromium or vanadium)
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Crystal System: Hexagonal
- Common Sources: Colombia, Zambia, Brazil, Egypt
Emerald is one of the Big Three precious gemstones, alongside diamond and ruby. Its rich green color and flawed inclusions are considered part of its natural beauty and character. Emeralds are often oiled or treated to enhance clarity and stability.
Pearl
- Composition: Calcium carbonate (nacre), conchiolin
- Hardness (Mohs): 2.5–4.5 (variable)
- Refractive Index: 1.52–1.68
- Specific Gravity: 2.71–2.76
- Color: White, cream, pink, black
- Luster: Waxy to pearly
- Transparency: Translucent
- Common Sources: Japan (Akoya), Australia (South Sea), China (freshwater)
Pearls are organic gemstones that differ from mineral gemstones in both formation and properties. They are softer and more delicate, requiring careful handling and cleaning. Pearls are often cultured under controlled conditions to improve size, shape, and luster.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot
Peridot has long been associated with joy, positivity, and emotional balance. In ancient times, it was believed to have healing properties, particularly for heart and digestive ailments. It was also considered a stone of protection, warding off nightmares and negative energies.
Modern metaphysical beliefs associate peridot with abundance, confidence, and self-acceptance. It is often used in meditation and energy work to open the heart chakra, promoting love, compassion, and inner peace.
Spinel
Spinel is regarded as a stone of vitality and inspiration. It is believed to enhance mental clarity, emotional stability, and spiritual growth. In some traditions, spinel is considered a stone of transformation, helping individuals overcome challenges and embrace change.
Spinel is also associated with royal power and noble lineage. It was often used in royal jewelry and ceremonial regalia, symbolizing strength, courage, and wisdom.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has been used for centuries as a protective and grounding stone. It is believed to promote strength, courage, and stability, particularly in times of emotional or physical stress. In ancient Rome, it was used in seals and amulets to provide protection and authority.
Modern metaphysical practices associate sardonyx with self-discipline, confidence, and emotional balance. It is often used to strengthen relationships, improve decision-making, and foster a sense of security.
Emerald
Emerald has long been associated with fertility, rebirth, and wisdom. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to bring good fortune, health, and longevity. In the Renaissance, emerald was a symbol of love, loyalty, and immortality, often used in engagement rings and royal jewelry.
Modern metaphysical beliefs associate emerald with the heart chakra, promoting love, compassion, and emotional healing. It is also believed to enhance intellectual clarity and spiritual insight, making it a popular choice for studying and meditation.
Pearl
Pearls are often associated with purity, innocence, and natural beauty. In many cultures, they are considered symbols of femininity, grace, and elegance. In ancient Greece, pearls were believed to be the tears of the gods, while in China, they were associated with immortality and the moon.
Modern metaphysical beliefs associate pearls with the thyroid and throat chakras, promoting communication, self-expression, and emotional balance. They are also believed to enhance inner peace, intuition, and spiritual awareness.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot
Peridot has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, making it relatively durable but still prone to scratches and damage. It should be cleaned with mild soap and water, using a soft brush to remove dirt and debris. Avoid using steam cleaners or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause internal fractures or surface damage.
Peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent abrasion, and it is best suited for everyday wear with proper care.
Spinel
Spinel has a Mohs hardness of 8, making it very durable and suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Spinel is also resistant to heat and chemicals, making it ideal for daily use in rings and earrings.
Spinel jewelry should be stored in a dry, cool place, away from direct sunlight or extreme temperatures, to maintain its brilliance and color.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, making it durable but not as hard as other gemstones. It can be cleaned with mild soap and water, using a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause surface damage or discoloration.
Sardonyx is best suited for vintage and antique jewelry, and it should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Emerald
Emerald has a Mohs hardness of 7.5–8, but it is relatively fragile due to its inclusion content. Many emeralds contain internal fractures, making them prone to chipping or cracking. It is best to clean emeralds with mild soap and water, using a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause damage or instability.
Emerald jewelry should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight or extreme temperatures, to prevent fading or discoloration.
Pearl
Pearls have a Mohs hardness of 2.5–4.5, making them delicate and prone to damage. They should be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth to remove dirt and oils. Avoid using chemical cleaners, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam, as these can cause surface damage or discoloration.
Pearls should be stored in a soft pouch or jewelry box, away from hard gemstones and abrasive materials, to prevent scratching. They should also be worn after applying makeup and perfume, to avoid chemical exposure.
Conclusion
The August and May birthstones—peridot, spinel, sardonyx, emerald, and pearl—each offer a unique blend of beauty, history, and symbolism. From the vibrant green of peridot to the rich green of emerald, and from the delicate luster of pearls to the versatile colors of spinel, these gemstones have captivated people for centuries.
Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, spiritual significance, or historical legacy, these gemstones continue to play an important role in jewelry, art, and culture. Understanding their geological properties, symbolic meanings, and care requirements allows us to appreciate and preserve these timeless treasures.