August is one of the few months in the birthstone calendar to be represented by three distinct gemstones: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. Each of these gems possesses unique physical properties, historical significance, and symbolic meanings that have shaped their roles in jewelry and cultural traditions for centuries. From the radiant green of peridot, once mistaken for emerald, to the bold red-and-white bands of sardonyx, and the vivid red of spinel that rivals ruby, these stones offer a diverse range of colors, energies, and stories. This article delves into the origins, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and care requirements of the August birthstones, drawing from expert and historical sources to present a comprehensive overview.
History and Lore
Peridot: The Sun’s Gift to Earth
Peridot, the most widely recognized of the August birthstones, has a history that spans ancient civilizations. Known for its vibrant green color, peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine. The name “peridot” is believed to derive from the Arabic word faridat, meaning gem. Historically, peridot was often confused with emerald and topaz due to its striking green hue and glass-like luster. One notable example is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, which was once thought to be adorned with emeralds but is now known to contain peridot.
Ancient Egyptians referred to peridot as the “gem of the sun” and believed it could ward off nightmares and protect the wearer from negative energies. The gemstone was also highly valued in medieval Europe, where it was commonly used in religious artifacts and royal regalia. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have actually been composed of peridot.
Peridot’s unique formation story adds to its mystique. It is one of the few gemstones that can be found in both volcanic lava and meteorites, having traveled from the Earth’s mantle or from outer space. This cosmic origin has contributed to its enduring appeal and symbolic association with light, energy, and protection.
Sardonyx: The Ancient Stone of Strength
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony composed of sard and onyx layers, resulting in its distinctive red-brown and white striped pattern. As the traditional August birthstone, sardonyx has a history that dates back over 4,000 years. It was especially popular in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where it was used in seals, amulets, and rings. The stone was believed to bring courage, strength, and protection to its wearer, making it a favorite among warriors and leaders.
In medieval Europe, sardonyx was associated with the Christian faith and was often used in religious jewelry. The stone’s bold appearance and durability made it ideal for carving intricate designs, and it was frequently used in signet rings. Sardonyx is also referenced in biblical texts and was believed to be one of the stones on the breastplate of Aaron, the high priest in the Old Testament.
Spinel: The Rediscovered Gem
Spinel, the youngest addition to the August birthstone list (added in 2016), has a rich but overlooked history. Known for its vibrant red and pink hues, spinel is a mineral that has often been mistaken for ruby. Many historical gems, including the famous “Black Prince’s Ruby” in the British Crown Jewels, were later identified as spinel.
Spinel’s allure has grown in recent years as gemologists and jewelers recognize its brilliance and affordability compared to ruby. It was once a favorite of royalty and was featured in royal collections across Europe and Asia. Spinel’s resurgence as a recognized gemstone has made it an appealing option for those seeking a bold, colorful alternative to more traditional gems.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot: From Earth’s Mantle to Meteorites
Peridot is a silicate mineral that forms under extreme conditions in the Earth’s mantle. It is commonly found in volcanic rocks and is carried to the surface through magma. Peridot can also be found in meteorites, particularly in xenoliths—fragments of the Earth’s mantle brought to the surface by volcanic activity.
The most significant commercial sources of peridot today include Arizona in the United States, Pakistan, and China. These regions produce peridot in a range of colors from yellow-green to deep olive green, with the most valuable stones displaying a rich, lime-green hue. Peridot’s natural brilliance and vibrant color make it a popular choice for jewelry that does not require enhancements or treatments.
Sardonyx: The Banded Chalcedony
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It forms in sedimentary and volcanic rocks through the slow deposition of silica-rich water. The red-brown color of sardonyx comes from iron impurities, while the white bands are composed of pure quartz. This banding gives the stone a striking visual effect that is both bold and elegant.
The primary sources of sardonyx include India, Brazil, and Africa. These regions have been producing high-quality sardonyx for centuries, and the stone continues to be used in a variety of jewelry and decorative applications.
Spinel: A Versatile and Resilient Gem
Spinel is a silicate mineral that forms in a variety of geological environments, including metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is found in numerous locations around the world, including Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. Spinel is known for its hardness and durability, making it suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications.
The most prized spinel gems are those with deep red or vivid pink colors. These colors are caused by trace elements such as chromium or magnesium. Spinel is also found in other colors, including orange, blue, and black, though these are less commonly used as birthstones. Spinel’s versatility and brilliance have made it a favorite among gemologists and jewelry designers in recent years.
Gemological Properties
Peridot: A Unique Green Gem
Peridot is one of the few gemstones that occur naturally in only one color—green. Its color ranges from yellow-green to olive green, depending on the amount of iron in its composition. Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for jewelry but requiring care to avoid scratches.
Peridot has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70 and is often cut into round, oval, or emerald shapes to showcase its brilliance and color. Because peridot is a single-colored gemstone, it does not require any treatments or enhancements, making it a popular choice for those who prefer natural gemstones.
Sardonyx: The Striped Chalcedony
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is composed of alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a white chalcedony). Sardonyx is often carved into intricate designs and is popular for use in rings, pendants, and seals.
Sardonyx has a refractive index of 1.53 to 1.54 and is typically opaque to translucent. Because it is a chalcedony, it is relatively durable and can be worn daily with proper care. Sardonyx is often used in jewelry that requires durability and visual impact, such as signet rings and statement pieces.
Spinel: A Durable and Lustrous Gem
Spinel is a hard and durable gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.721 and is known for its brilliance and fire. Spinel is available in a wide range of colors, but the most popular for August is the vibrant red and pink varieties.
Spinel is typically cut into round, oval, or cushion shapes to enhance its brilliance. It is a natural gemstone that does not require treatments or enhancements. Spinel’s durability and affordability make it an excellent choice for everyday jewelry and special occasion pieces.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot: A Stone of Prosperity and Protection
Peridot is associated with a range of positive qualities, including prosperity, peace, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off nightmares and negative energies. The gemstone is often referred to as the “sun gem” due to its warm, luminous color and its association with solar energy.
Peridot is also believed to promote happiness, strength, and emotional balance. It is thought to enhance one’s ability to let go of fears and embrace new opportunities. Peridot is especially popular among those seeking to cultivate optimism and inner peace.
Sardonyx: The Stone of Courage and Strength
Sardonyx is traditionally associated with courage, strength, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed to empower warriors and leaders, giving them the strength to face challenges and adversity. Sardonyx is also associated with self-discipline and organization, making it a popular stone for those seeking to improve their focus and productivity.
Sardonyx is believed to promote confidence and resilience, helping the wearer to overcome obstacles and achieve their goals. It is also thought to bring stability and harmony to one’s life, making it an excellent stone for those seeking balance and security.
Spinel: A Stone of Vitality and Renewal
Spinel is associated with vitality, energy, and renewal. It is believed to boost one’s physical and emotional energy, making it an ideal stone for those seeking to increase their motivation and enthusiasm. Spinel is also associated with passion and creativity, making it a popular stone for artists and innovators.
Spinel is believed to promote emotional healing and emotional stability. It is thought to help the wearer release negative emotions and embrace a more positive outlook. Spinel is also associated with courage and confidence, helping the wearer to take bold steps toward their goals.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot: Protecting a Delicate Gem
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage. Because of its relative softness, peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Peridot can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone. Peridot should also be kept away from extreme heat or temperature changes, as it is sensitive to thermal shock.
Sardonyx: A Durable and Resilient Stone
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable and resilient gemstone. It is resistant to scratches and can be worn daily with proper care. Sardonyx can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water.
Sardonyx is relatively stable and can be exposed to light and heat without damage. However, it should be stored away from sharp objects that could chip or break the stone. Sardonyx is also sensitive to abrasive cleaners and should be cleaned gently to maintain its luster.
Spinel: A Hard and Durable Gem
Spinel has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest August birthstones. It is resistant to scratches and can be worn daily without damage. Spinel can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water.
Spinel is also resistant to light and heat, making it a stable gemstone that can be worn in a variety of conditions. It can be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, but it should be inspected for any inclusions or fractures before using these methods.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—each offer a unique blend of beauty, history, and symbolism. Peridot, with its vibrant green glow, is a symbol of prosperity and protection. Sardonyx, with its bold red and white bands, is a stone of strength and courage. Spinel, with its brilliant red and pink hues, is a gem of vitality and renewal. Together, these stones represent the warmth, energy, and resilience of August.
Whether you are drawn to the historical significance of peridot, the timeless elegance of sardonyx, or the vibrant allure of spinel, the August birthstones offer something for everyone. These gems not only make beautiful jewelry but also serve as meaningful symbols of personal growth, protection, and strength.