August is one of the few months in the birthstone calendar to boast three distinct gemstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each with its own rich history, unique properties, and symbolic meaning. These stones offer a fascinating blend of geology, mythology, and cultural tradition, making them particularly special for those born under the sun in this month. This article delves into the origins, properties, symbolism, and care of each of these August birthstones, drawing on expert gemological insights and historical accounts.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back thousands of years, with roots in ancient civilizations that believed gemstones held protective, spiritual, and even medicinal powers. August’s trio of birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each has a distinct journey through history, revealing their deep ties to human culture and belief systems.
Peridot: The "Gem of the Sun"
Peridot has long been revered as a stone of light and positivity. The ancient Egyptians referred to it as the “gem of the sun,” believing it was formed from the rays of the sun itself. According to legend, the stone was brought to Earth by an “exploding sun” and was mined at night because it was thought to absorb sunlight during the day and radiate it at night. This idea was echoed by the Romans, who called peridot “the evening gem” due to its supposed glow in the dark.
In biblical times, peridot was known as chrysolite, derived from the Greek word meaning “golden stone.” Some historians believe that the gems adorning Aaron’s breastplate in the Book of Exodus may have been peridots. In addition, peridot was considered a powerful protective stone, especially against nightmares and night terrors. It was common practice to string the gem on donkey hair and tie it to the left arm for protection. Some also believed that setting peridot in gold would enhance its mystical properties, which is why Egyptian priests used it in goblets for ritualistic purposes.
In Hawaii, peridot holds a different kind of reverence. The stone is said to be the tears of Pele, the powerful goddess of fire, lightning, and volcanoes. This mythic association further cements peridot’s connection to the sun and fire, elements that were considered sacred and powerful in many ancient cultures.
Spinels: A Misunderstood Gem with Royal Roots
Spinels have a more recent history in the gemstone world, though they have been admired for centuries under different names. Historically, spinel was often confused with ruby and other red gemstones due to its similar color and appearance. For example, the “Black Prince’s Ruby” in the British Crown Jewels is actually a large red spinel. It wasn’t until the 20th century that gemologists began to distinguish spinel from ruby, recognizing its own unique properties and beauty.
Spinels were known in ancient times, particularly in Asia. In the 19th and 20th centuries, new deposits were discovered in places like Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. The discovery of vivid blue and violet-blue spinels in Vietnam in the 2000s added new dimensions to the gem’s appeal. Spinels are now appreciated not only for their vibrant colors but also for their durability and affordability compared to rubies or sapphires.
Sardonyx: The Ancient Stone of Courage and Stability
Sardonyx is the oldest of the three August birthstones and has been used for thousands of years. The stone is a banded form of chalcedony, combining red and white layers in a striking contrast. Ancient Roman soldiers were said to wear sardonyx engraved with images of gods or heroes to gain courage and strength before battle. It was also believed to bring stability, lasting happiness, and good fortune in love and marriage.
The name sardonyx comes from the combination of “sard,” a type of red chalcedony, and “onyx,” a layered quartz. This reflects its appearance and composition. Sardonyx was widely used in ancient Egypt and Rome for seals, signet rings, and amulets. Its durability and aesthetic appeal made it a popular gemstone for engraving and carving intricate designs.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the August birthstones has a distinct geological origin and set of physical properties that contribute to their beauty and value.
Peridot: Born of Fire and Meteorite
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine and is formed in the Earth’s mantle under extreme heat and pressure. It is often brought to the surface through volcanic activity, carried by magma and embedded in lava flows. This is why peridot is sometimes found in the hardened lava of volcanic islands or near active geothermal zones.
Interestingly, peridot is also found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones that can be considered extraterrestrial. In fact, some peridots have been traced back to the Moon and Mars, earning the gem the nickname “space gem.” These extraterrestrial origins add to the stone’s mystique and rarity.
The most famous sources of peridot include Arizona, the Philippines, and the Red Sea islands. In the United States, peridot is the state gemstone of Arizona and is mined from basaltic rocks in the state’s volcanic regions.
Spinels: A Diverse Palette from Earth and Time
Spinels are formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks and are known for their wide range of colors, from deep red and pink to blue, purple, and even black. The color variation is due to the presence of different trace elements, such as chromium (for reds) and cobalt (for blues).
Important sources of spinel include Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Vietnam. The Luc Yen region in northern Vietnam has been particularly significant since the 1980s, producing vivid red, pink, purple, and blue spinels. These gems are often described as “spirit polished” due to their natural luster and clarity.
Spinels from Tanzania have also gained attention in recent years, particularly for their pinkish and orange-red hues. The discovery of these stones has helped elevate spinel’s status in the jewelry market, making it a popular alternative to more expensive red gemstones like ruby.
Sardonyx: The Earthy Beauty of Chalcedony
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz that forms in sedimentary and volcanic rocks. It is composed of alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a white or black chalcedony), creating its distinctive banded appearance.
The stone is found in various parts of the world, including India, Brazil, Germany, Uruguay, and the United States. Sardonyx is known for its durability and has been used in jewelry and carvings for millennia. Its hardness, combined with its ability to take a fine polish, makes it ideal for intricate designs and engravings.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of the August birthstones is essential for both collectors and jewelers. These properties determine how the stones are best cut, set, and cared for.
Peridot
- Color: Yellow-green to deep olive-green
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6.5–7
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
- Chemical Composition: (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ (Olivine group)
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Refractive Index: 1.65–1.70
- Cleavage: Perfect in two directions
Peridot is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, which means it can be prone to scratches and damage if not handled carefully. It has a moderate refractive index and a distinctive color caused by iron impurities. Peridot is also sensitive to heat, so it should be kept away from high temperatures.
Spinels
- Color: Red, pink, purple, blue, orange, black
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7.5–8
- Luster: Vitreous
- Chemical Composition: MgAl₂O₄ (with various trace elements)
- Crystal System: Cubic
- Refractive Index: 1.718–1.742
- Cleavage: None
Spinels are durable and have a high refractive index, giving them a brilliant sparkle. They are often mistaken for rubies and sapphires due to their color and brilliance. Unlike rubies, however, spinels do not have cleavage, making them more resistant to chipping and breaking.
Sardonyx
- Color: Banded red, brown, white, and orange
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6.5–7
- Luster: Waxy to vitreous
- Chemical Composition: SiO₂ (silicon dioxide)
- Crystal System: Trigonal (a variety of chalcedony)
- Refractive Index: 1.48–1.53
- Cleavage: None
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone that is well-suited for jewelry and carvings. It has a low refractive index compared to other gemstones, which gives it a more subdued luster. The stone is known for its ability to take a high polish and its resistance to wear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the August birthstones carries its own set of symbolic and metaphysical associations, rooted in ancient traditions and modern crystal lore.
Peridot: Light, Joy, and Healing
Peridot is often associated with light, joy, and healing. It is believed to promote positivity, reduce stress, and enhance one’s sense of purpose. In many cultures, peridot was considered a protective stone that could ward off nightmares and negative energies. It is also associated with the heart chakra and is thought to open the heart to love and compassion.
Modern crystal healers use peridot for emotional healing, particularly in cases of anxiety, depression, and self-doubt. It is also believed to help with digestive issues and to support the immune system.
Spinels: Energy, Inspiration, and Renewal
Spinels are associated with energy, inspiration, and renewal. They are believed to stimulate the mind, encourage creativity, and help individuals overcome obstacles. Red spinels are particularly powerful in boosting vitality and passion, making them popular stones for those seeking motivation and courage.
In addition, spinels are thought to provide grounding and stability, making them ideal for people who feel unbalanced or overwhelmed. They are also used in meditation to enhance spiritual awareness and to connect with higher energies.
Sardonyx: Courage, Strength, and Protection
Sardonyx is a powerful stone of courage, strength, and protection. It has been used for thousands of years in protective amulets and talismans, particularly by Roman soldiers seeking courage in battle. The stone is believed to provide emotional stability, encourage self-confidence, and support healthy relationships.
Sardonyx is also associated with success in love and marriage, making it a popular choice for couples seeking to strengthen their bonds. It is considered a stone of practicality and is often used to help individuals make wise decisions and stay focused on their goals.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of August birthstone jewelry.
Peridot Care
Peridot is relatively soft (6.5–7 on the Mohs scale) and sensitive to heat. To clean peridot, use warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Store peridot separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Spinel Care
Spinel is more durable than peridot, with a hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water or an ultrasonic cleaner. However, if the spinel has fractures or inclusions, avoid using steam cleaners. Keep spinel away from high heat, as some colors may fade when exposed to prolonged heat.
Sardonyx Care
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5–7. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive materials. Sardonyx can be stored with other gemstones, but it’s best to wrap it in a soft cloth to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each offer a unique blend of beauty, history, and symbolism. From the fiery reds of spinel to the glowing green of peridot and the earthy bands of sardonyx, these gems reflect the energy and warmth of summer. Whether worn for their protective powers, emotional benefits, or simply their stunning appearance, August birthstones continue to captivate gem lovers and jewelry collectors around the world. Understanding their properties, origins, and meanings allows us to appreciate these stones not only as adornments but as meaningful connections to the past, the Earth, and the universe.