March, the bridge between winter and spring, has long been a month of transformation. Historically, it marked the resumption of agricultural cycles, the return of campaigns in ancient Rome, and the symbolic rebirth of the natural world. This spirit of duality and renewal is reflected in the month’s gemstone tradition: March is uniquely associated with two birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone. These two gemstones differ strikingly in appearance, symbolism, and historical context, yet both share a rich legacy that spans centuries and cultures.
This article explores the two birthstones of March in depth—aquamarine, the serene blue gemstone of the beryl family, and bloodstone, the deep green jasper with crimson flecks. Drawing on historical records, gemological properties, and cultural lore, it provides a comprehensive overview of their origins, meanings, and significance in both ancient and modern contexts.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with months of the year dates back to ancient times. One of the earliest known references comes from the Biblical Book of Exodus, where Aaron’s high priestly breastplate was adorned with twelve gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Though the exact identities of these stones remain debated due to the lack of precise gemological terminology at the time, these references laid the foundation for later birthstone traditions.
By the 1st century AD, historians had linked these twelve stones to the twelve months of the year and the zodiac signs. However, the practice of wearing a birthstone corresponding to one’s own birth month did not become widespread until the 16th century, when jewelers in Germany and Poland began crafting and selling birthstone jewelry. These early efforts were instrumental in popularizing the concept among European royalty and nobility.
For March, bloodstone was the original birthstone. Its deep green hue with red specks was believed to be a representation of life and vitality, making it a powerful symbol of courage and strength. Over time, as aquamarine became more widely available and accessible, it was added as a secondary birthstone for March, reflecting the changing dynamics of gemstone supply and consumer demand.
The National Association of Jewellers (now the Jewelers of America) played a key role in formalizing the modern birthstone calendar. Adjustments were made to reflect cultural shifts, economic factors, and new discoveries in gemology. The addition of aquamarine to March’s birthstone list in the 19th and 20th centuries is a testament to its growing popularity and symbolic resonance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a variety of beryl, a mineral species known for its hardness and clarity. Its signature blue color is caused by iron impurities within the crystal structure. The name "aquamarine" derives from the Latin words aqua, meaning "water," and marina, meaning "of the sea," a nod to its resemblance to the sea.
Aquamarine is typically transparent to translucent, with a glassy luster and hexagonal crystal structure. It is often found in granitic pegmatites, a type of igneous rock formed from the slow cooling of magma. The most notable sources of aquamarine include:
- Brazil: The largest and most renowned source, particularly the Santa Maria aquamarine from the state of Minas Gerais, known for its large, high-quality crystals.
- Madagascar: A major global supplier, producing aquamarine with excellent clarity and color.
- Nigeria and Zambia: These African countries have become increasingly important in recent years for their aquamarine deposits.
- United States: Aquamarine is also mined in the U.S., particularly in Colorado and North Carolina.
Aquamarine is highly durable, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8, making it suitable for all types of jewelry. It is often cut into faceted gemstones, and its pleochroism—the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles—adds to its visual appeal.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is a green jasper with red spots or speckles, often referred to as "blood drops." It is composed mainly of silica, with the green coloration coming from iron inclusions, and the red flecks from hematite or iron oxide. Its name reflects the ancient belief that it contained actual blood, a notion that contributed to its symbolic association with life and vitality.
Bloodstone is typically opaque, with a waxy to dull luster, and it is best suited for cabochon cuts, where it can display its unique pattern and color contrast. It is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, and is best suited for purses, brooches, and pendants, rather than everyday wear on rings or bracelets.
Historically, India has been the most important source of bloodstone, particularly from the Jabalpur region in central India. However, Australia, China, and the United States also produce high-quality bloodstone.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ (beryl) |
| Color | Blue to blue-green, caused by iron |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 7.5–8 |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy) |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Crystal System | Hexagonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.56–1.58 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.65–2.90 |
| Cleavage | Perfect in one direction |
| Common Cuts | Faceted, princess, emerald, and oval |
| Common Uses | Rings, pendants, earrings, and bracelets |
Aquamarine is a pleochroic gemstone, meaning it can display two or more colors depending on the viewing angle. This characteristic is especially noticeable in lighter-colored stones.
Its high hardness and durability make it ideal for everyday jewelry, including engagement rings and wedding bands. Aquamarine is also a popular choice for spring-themed jewelry, owing to its association with the renewal and freshness of the season.
Bloodstone
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂ (silicon dioxide) |
| Color | Deep green with red speckles (hematite inclusions) |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 6.5–7 |
| Luster | Waxy to dull |
| Transparency | Opaque |
| Crystal System | Trigonal (chert/jasper group) |
| Refractive Index | 1.49–1.54 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.58–2.64 |
| Common Cuts | Cabochon |
| Common Uses | Pendants, brooches, and seals |
Bloodstone is not suitable for faceting due to its irregular inclusions and opacity. It is often used in signet rings, purses, and ornamental objects. Its lower hardness compared to aquamarine means it requires more careful handling and is less suitable for everyday wear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Aquamarine
Aquamarine has long been associated with calmness, clarity, and emotional balance. In ancient times, it was believed to protect sailors from drowning, a belief that persists in modern metaphysical traditions. Sailors would carry aquamarine to ward off storms and ensure safe passage across the seas.
In medieval Europe, aquamarine was also thought to soothe the emotions and reduce anxiety, making it a popular gemstone for healing and spiritual practices. It was believed to enhance communication, promote courage, and encourage honesty.
In modern crystal healing, aquamarine is associated with the Throat Chakra, which governs expression and communication. It is used to alleviate stress, promote inner peace, and encourage self-expression. It is also believed to attract love and foster emotional healing.
Aquamarine is the traditional gemstone for the 19th wedding anniversary, symbolizing loyalty, trust, and enduring love. It is also a popular choice for March birthdays, especially for those seeking a calming and uplifting stone.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is one of the oldest and most revered gemstones in history. Its name and symbolism are rooted in the belief that it contains actual blood, a notion that has persisted in various cultures for centuries. In ancient India, it was used in religious rituals and was believed to protect warriors in battle.
One of the most famous legends surrounding bloodstone is the story of St. George and the Dragon, a tale in which bloodstone is said to have protected the saint from the dragon’s poison. This story reinforced its symbolism of courage, strength, and protection.
In medieval Europe, bloodstone was believed to have healing properties, particularly in stopping bleeding and treating wounds. It was used in amulets and talismans to ward off illness and promote vitality. It was also believed to enhance physical endurance and increase stamina.
In modern metaphysical practices, bloodstone is associated with the Root Chakra, which is linked to grounding, stability, and survival. It is used to increase energy, boost confidence, and promote physical health. It is also believed to enhance courage, reduce fear, and help with decision-making.
Care and Cleaning
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is relatively durable, but it is still a precious gemstone that requires proper care. Due to its perfect cleavage in one direction, it is important to avoid hard knocks or impacts that could cause chipping or cracking.
When cleaning aquamarine, it is best to use a soft cloth, mild soap, and warm water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for aquamarine, but it is always best to consult a professional jeweler before using these methods, especially if the gemstone has filling or treatments.
Aquamarine can be worn daily, but it should be stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches. It is also not recommended to expose aquamarine to extreme heat or sudden temperature changes, as this can alter its color or clarity.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is softer and more porous than aquamarine, so it requires gentler handling. It is not recommended for daily wear, especially in rings or bracelets, due to its lower hardness and susceptibility to damage.
To clean bloodstone, use a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can damage the surface or inclusions. Bloodstone should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and abrasion.
Bloodstone is best used for special occasions or as a decorative piece, rather than for everyday jewelry. It should be handled with care to preserve its color and pattern.
Conclusion
The two March birthstones, aquamarine and bloodstone, are two of the most fascinating and diverse gemstones in the birthstone calendar. Each represents a different aspect of life and nature—aquamarine symbolizing calm and renewal, and bloodstone representing strength and vitality.
Aquamarine, with its serene blue color and high durability, is a versatile gemstone that is ideal for everyday wear and special occasions. It is a popular choice for March birthdays, especially for those who value calmness, clarity, and emotional balance.
Bloodstone, with its deep green color and red speckles, is a symbol of courage, protection, and vitality. Though it is less commonly used in modern jewelry, it remains an important part of the March birthstone tradition and is often chosen for its historical and spiritual significance.
Together, these two gemstones reflect the duality of March—a month of transition, renewal, and transformation. Whether worn for their aesthetic beauty, historical significance, or metaphysical properties, aquamarine and bloodstone continue to captivate gemstone lovers and jewelry enthusiasts around the world.