August is one of the few months in the birthstone calendar that offers not one, but three options: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each of these gemstones has a unique set of properties, historical significance, and cultural associations. In addition, the 21st anniversary is marked by the gemstone iolite, which, while not an August birthstone, shares a symbolic connection with the vibrant world of colored gemstones.
This article will explore the gemstones associated with August and the 21st anniversary in detail. We will examine their geological formation, gemological properties, historical uses, and cultural significance. The discussion will also include practical advice on the care and maintenance of these gemstones, as well as their symbolism and metaphysical beliefs. Finally, we will highlight the connection between these stones and their roles in both personal and historical contexts.
History and Lore
Peridot has a long and storied history, dating back to ancient times. It was one of the first gemstones to be used by humans, with archaeological evidence suggesting that it was mined in Egypt as early as 1500 BCE. The ancient Egyptians referred to peridot as the "gem of the sun," believing it to be a gift from the gods. In fact, Cleopatra was famously known to have worn peridot, mistaking it for emerald. Peridot was also found in the famous Egyptian temple of Hathor, where it was believed to possess protective powers.
Spinel, on the other hand, has a more recent history in the gemstone world. It was often mistaken for other gemstones, such as rubies and sapphires, due to its similar appearance. In fact, some of the most famous "rubies" in royal collections, including the "Black Prince's Ruby" in the British Crown Jewels, are actually red spinel. The distinction between spinel and ruby was not fully understood until the 18th century. The addition of spinel to the list of August birthstones is a relatively modern development, reflecting the growing appreciation for this versatile and beautiful gemstone.
Sardonyx, the third August birthstone, has a rich historical legacy as well. It is a type of onyx that features bands of red and white or brown and white. Sardonyx was highly valued in ancient Rome, where it was used extensively in signet rings and amulets. The Romans believed that sardonyx could protect the wearer from harm and was particularly effective in preventing nightmares and snakebites. Over time, sardonyx was gradually replaced by peridot and spinel in the August birthstone list, but it remains a symbol of strength and protection in many cultures.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a member of the olivine family of minerals, and it forms in the Earth's mantle under high-pressure conditions. It is typically found in volcanic rocks such as basalt and peridotite. When these rocks cool and solidify, peridot crystals can form within them. Over time, erosion and volcanic activity can bring these crystals to the surface, where they can be mined. Some of the most notable sources of peridot include Arizona in the United States, Burma (Myanmar), and the islands of Hawaii. The most prized peridot is known as "Burmese peridot," which is known for its vibrant green color and high clarity.
Spinel is a mineral that forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is typically found in association with other gemstones such as rubies and sapphires. Spinel can be found in a variety of colors, including red, blue, pink, and purple, making it a highly versatile gemstone. The most significant sources of spinel include Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Tanzania. These regions are known for producing high-quality spinel with excellent color and clarity.
Sardonyx is a type of onyx that forms in sedimentary rocks such as chalcedony. It is characterized by its alternating bands of red and white or brown and white. Sardonyx is typically found in regions with volcanic activity, such as Brazil, India, and the United States. The red color in sardonyx is due to the presence of iron oxide, while the white or brown color is the result of quartz. The banded pattern of sardonyx makes it an attractive choice for jewelry and decorative objects.
Gemological Properties
Each of the August birthstones has distinct gemological properties that make them unique and valuable. Peridot is known for its vibrant green color, which ranges from a pale yellow-green to a deep olive-green. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. Peridot is also known for its high refractive index, which gives it a bright and lively appearance. It is typically transparent to translucent and is often cut into faceted shapes to enhance its brilliance.
Spinel is a highly versatile gemstone that can be found in a wide range of colors. It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, which makes it more durable than peridot. Spinel is known for its excellent clarity and high refractive index, which gives it a brilliant and fiery appearance. It is typically transparent and is often cut into faceted shapes or cabochons to showcase its color and clarity.
Sardonyx is a type of onyx that is characterized by its alternating bands of red and white or brown and white. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which is similar to peridot. Sardonyx is typically opaque and is often cut into cabochons or carved into intricate designs. The red color in sardonyx is due to the presence of iron oxide, while the white or brown color is the result of quartz.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The August birthstones are associated with a variety of symbolic and metaphysical beliefs. Peridot is believed to have protective properties and is often used as a talisman to ward off negative energy. It is also associated with the heart chakra and is believed to promote healing and emotional balance. Peridot is said to enhance one's ability to forgive and to bring a sense of peace and well-being.
Spinel is believed to have a calming effect on the mind and is often used to reduce stress and anxiety. It is also associated with the heart and solar plexus chakras and is believed to promote self-confidence and inner strength. Spinel is said to enhance one's ability to express emotions and to bring a sense of joy and vitality.
Sardonyx is believed to have protective properties and is often used as a talisman to ward off nightmares and snakebites. It is also associated with the root and sacral chakras and is believed to promote grounding and stability. Sardonyx is said to enhance one's ability to make decisions and to bring a sense of balance and harmony.
Care and Cleaning
The care and cleaning of the August birthstones depend on their individual properties and hardness. Peridot, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, is relatively soft and can be scratched easily. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. Peridot should also be protected from heat and chemicals, as it can be sensitive to these elements.
Spinel, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, is more durable than peridot. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It can also be ultrasonically cleaned, but it should be checked for any internal fractures before doing so. Spinel is relatively stable and can withstand normal wear and tear, but it should still be protected from harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
Sardonyx, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, is similar to peridot in terms of durability. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. Sardonyx is also sensitive to heat and chemicals, so it should be protected from these elements as well.
Conclusion
The birthstones for August—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each have a unique set of properties, historical significance, and cultural associations. Peridot is known for its vibrant green color and its association with protection and healing. Spinel is a versatile gemstone that can be found in a wide range of colors and is known for its durability and brilliance. Sardonyx is a type of onyx that is characterized by its alternating bands of red and white and is associated with protection and grounding.
The 21st anniversary gemstone, iolite, shares a symbolic connection with these stones and is known for its violet-blue color and its ability to change appearance based on the viewing angle. Together, these gemstones offer a rich and diverse world of color, history, and symbolism that continues to captivate gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers around the world.