December’s birthstone, tanzanite, is a remarkable gemstone that holds a special place in both the world of gemology and the history of jewelry. Discovered relatively recently in 1967, tanzanite is a modern addition to the birthstone tradition and is celebrated for its striking color, rarity, and vibrant energy. This article explores the fascinating story of tanzanite, including its geological formation, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and practical considerations for care and appreciation. Drawing from authoritative sources, it provides an in-depth look at this captivating December gem.
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite, a mineral that occurs in a variety of forms, but only one of which exhibits the vivid blue and violet hues characteristic of tanzanite. This gemstone is unique in that it is found in only one location on Earth: the Merelani Hills in northern Tanzania. Its discovery in 1967 by a Masai herdsman marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of birthstones. The gem was quickly marketed under the name “tanzanite” to honor its country of origin, and it was officially designated as a December birthstone in 2002. This article delves into the properties, history, and significance of tanzanite, offering a comprehensive overview of this remarkable gem.
History and Lore
The history of tanzanite is intertwined with the evolution of birthstone traditions. While many of the birthstones we know today date back to ancient times, tanzanite is a relatively new entrant to this centuries-old tradition. Its discovery in 1967 by a local herdsman in Tanzania marked a significant milestone in the world of gemstones. The gem was first brought to the attention of the global market by Tiffany & Co., which played a key role in promoting and naming the gemstone. The name “tanzanite” was chosen to reflect its origin and to honor Tanzania, where it is found exclusively.
Prior to its introduction as a birthstone, tanzanite was not part of the traditional birthstone list. The modern standardized birthstone list was established in 1912 by the American National Retail Jewellers Association, which later became Jewelers of America. Over the years, the list has been updated to reflect new discoveries and changing trends in gemstone availability and popularity. Tanzanite was added to the December birthstone list in 2002, marking its official recognition as a December gemstone.
The addition of tanzanite to the birthstone list was not an arbitrary decision. The gem’s vibrant colors, rarity, and unique properties made it a natural choice for the December birthstone. Its introduction reflects the dynamic nature of birthstone traditions, which continue to evolve in response to new discoveries and cultural shifts.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite is a metamorphic gemstone, formed through the transformation of existing rock under high pressure and temperature. The specific conditions that give rise to tanzanite are found only in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, a region known for its rich geological diversity. The gemstone is a variety of zoisite, a calcium aluminum silicate that is typically found in a greenish form. What distinguishes tanzanite from other forms of zoisite is the presence of trace amounts of vanadium, which imparts the gem with its striking blue and violet colors.
The formation of tanzanite is a rare and complex process. The mineral is formed when zoisite is subjected to intense heat and pressure, causing the vanadium to become part of the crystal structure. This transformation results in the deep blue and violet hues that are characteristic of tanzanite. The gemstone is also known for its strong pleochroism, a property that allows it to display different colors when viewed from different angles. This effect adds to the gem’s visual appeal and makes it a favorite among jewelers and collectors.
The exclusive location of tanzanite in the Merelani Hills has led to its classification as one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The deposits of tanzanite are estimated to be limited and may be depleted within a few decades. This scarcity has contributed to the gemstone’s value and has made it a highly sought-after addition to jewelry collections.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite possesses a set of gemological properties that make it a distinctive and valuable gemstone. One of its most notable features is its color range, which includes shades of deep blue, violet, and even pinkish tones. The gem is known for its strong pleochroism, a phenomenon in which the stone appears to have different colors when viewed from different angles. This effect is due to the way light interacts with the gem’s internal crystal structure, and it adds to the stone’s visual complexity and beauty.
The hardness of tanzanite is another important factor to consider. On the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, tanzanite ranks between 6 and 7. This places it in the category of relatively soft gemstones, making it more susceptible to scratches and damage compared to harder stones like diamonds or sapphires. As a result, tanzanite is typically used in jewelry that is worn less frequently or is set in protective designs that minimize direct contact with surfaces.
In terms of refractive properties, tanzanite has a refractive index of approximately 1.69 to 1.71, which contributes to its brilliance and luster. The gem is also known for its vitreous luster, which gives it a glassy, radiant appearance. Tanzanite is usually cut into shapes that maximize its color and clarity, with oval and cushion cuts being particularly popular choices.
The chemical composition of tanzanite is another defining characteristic. It is a calcium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH). The presence of vanadium is responsible for the gem’s vivid blue and violet hues. This unique composition, combined with its limited geographic distribution, makes tanzanite a truly one-of-a-kind gemstone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite is not only valued for its physical properties but also for its rich symbolism and metaphysical associations. In the tradition of birthstones, December’s gemstone is believed to offer protection, promote emotional healing, and enhance spiritual growth. These associations are rooted in both ancient beliefs and modern interpretations, reflecting the enduring appeal of gemstones as symbols of power and meaning.
One of the most well-known metaphysical properties of tanzanite is its ability to promote emotional balance and inner peace. The gem is said to help individuals release negative emotions, such as fear, anxiety, and anger, and to encourage a sense of calm and tranquility. This makes tanzanite a popular choice for those seeking emotional stability and personal growth.
In addition to its emotional benefits, tanzanite is also associated with spiritual awakening and higher consciousness. The gem is believed to enhance one’s connection to the spiritual realm and to facilitate communication with higher energies. This makes it a valuable tool for meditation and spiritual practices.
The symbolism of tanzanite extends beyond its metaphysical properties. The gem is often associated with the idea of transformation and change. Its formation under intense heat and pressure is seen as a metaphor for the challenges and struggles that individuals may face in life. The resulting gem, with its vibrant colors and unique beauty, represents the potential for growth and renewal.
Care and Cleaning
Given its relative softness and unique properties, tanzanite requires special care to maintain its beauty and integrity. As a gemstone with a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, tanzanite is susceptible to scratches and abrasions. It is also sensitive to high temperatures and exposure to certain chemicals, which can affect its color and clarity.
To clean tanzanite jewelry, it is recommended to use a soft, lint-free cloth and mild soap. Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners should be used with caution, as they can cause damage to the gemstone. Tanzanite should be kept separate from harder gemstones to prevent scratches and should be stored in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box.
When wearing tanzanite jewelry, it is advisable to avoid contact with harsh chemicals, such as household cleaners and perfumes. These substances can dull the gem’s luster and may cause discoloration over time. Tanzanite should also be protected from exposure to direct sunlight and high heat, as these can cause the gem to fade or lose its brilliance.
For those who collect tanzanite or who wear it regularly, it is important to have the gemstone inspected by a professional gemologist periodically. This ensures that the stone remains in good condition and that any signs of wear or damage are addressed promptly.
Conclusion
Tanzanite, the December birthstone, is a gemstone that embodies the intersection of geology, history, and human culture. Its unique formation, vibrant colors, and limited availability make it a rare and valuable addition to the world of gemstones. As a December birthstone, tanzanite carries the rich symbolism and metaphysical associations that have long been attributed to gemstones, making it a powerful symbol of transformation, emotional healing, and spiritual growth.
The history of tanzanite is a testament to the dynamic nature of birthstone traditions, which continue to evolve in response to new discoveries and changing cultural values. From its discovery in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania to its official recognition as a December birthstone in 2002, tanzanite has made a significant impact on the world of jewelry and gemology. Its introduction to the birthstone list reflects the ongoing evolution of this tradition and the enduring appeal of gemstones as symbols of personal significance and beauty.
For those born in December, tanzanite is more than just a gemstone—it is a symbol of the month’s unique energy and spirit. Its vibrant colors and rare beauty make it a meaningful and meaningful choice for jewelry and personal adornment. Whether worn as a statement piece or a subtle accent, tanzanite carries the legacy of its origins and the promise of its future as a cherished gemstone.