August is one of the few months in the year to be represented by not just one, but three official birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. This distinction sets August apart from the other months and reflects the rich history, gemological diversity, and cultural significance of these three stones. The inclusion of three birthstones for August is not merely a matter of aesthetics or abundance; it is rooted in a blend of historical tradition, geological availability, and the evolving standards of the jewelry industry.
This article delves into the reasons behind the selection of peridot, spinel, and sardonyx as August’s birthstones, exploring their individual histories, physical properties, symbolic meanings, and the practical and commercial rationale for their inclusion. Each gemstone brings its own unique charm and significance, making August a particularly rich and diverse month in the world of birthstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months has its roots in ancient times. Some of the earliest references to birthstones appear in biblical texts, where a set of stones is described as part of the priestly breastplate in the Book of Exodus. These early associations laid the foundation for the concept of birthstones, and over the centuries, the list evolved through cultural exchanges, trade routes, and the growing field of gemology.
Sardonyx: The Oldest of the Three
Sardonyx is the oldest of the three August birthstones. Its use dates back more than 4,000 years, with a documented history in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony, composed of layers of sard (a reddish-brown form of quartz) and onyx (a white or black form of chalcedony). These alternating bands give sardonyx a distinctive striped appearance that was highly valued in antiquity.
In ancient Egypt, sardonyx was used to craft amulets, seals, and other adornments. It was believed to symbolize strength, protection, and clarity of thought. The Romans also cherished sardonyx for its beauty and durability, often using it in signet rings and other decorative items. Its historical prevalence and cultural significance made it the original August birthstone.
Peridot: The "Gem of the Sun"
Peridot, the second of August’s birthstones, has a history that is equally storied. Known as the "gem of the sun" by the ancient Egyptians, peridot was believed to bring health, happiness, and protection from nightmares. It was also thought to be a gift from the gods, particularly associated with the sun god Ra.
Peridot is a silicate mineral with a unique green color, ranging from a bright yellow-green to an olive-green. It was widely used in jewelry and amulets in ancient times and continues to be appreciated for its vibrant, natural color and affordability. Its inclusion as an August birthstone reflects its historical significance as well as its enduring popularity.
Spinel: The Modern Addition
Spinel is the most recent addition to August’s birthstone list, having been officially recognized as a birthstone in 2016 by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA). Despite its late addition, spinel is a gemstone with a rich and fascinating history.
Spinel is often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its similar appearance and refractive properties. It can be found in a wide range of colors, including vivid red, pink, orange, blue, and black. The inclusion of spinel as an August birthstone reflects the growing appreciation for gemstone diversity and the desire to provide more options for consumers.
The decision to add spinel was also influenced by its relative rarity and the fact that it offers a vibrant, affordable alternative to more traditional gemstones. Its addition to the list of August birthstones highlights the evolving nature of gemology and the importance of expanding the choices available to jewelry buyers.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins and sources of these gemstones provides insight into their availability and the reasons behind their inclusion as August birthstones.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a form of chalcedony, a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It is formed through the deposition of silica in sedimentary rocks, often in association with geothermal activity. The distinctive banding of sardonyx occurs due to alternating layers of iron-rich sard and iron-poor onyx.
Historically, sardonyx was sourced from the quarries of the ancient world, particularly in regions such as the Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean. Today, sardonyx is still mined in various parts of the world, including Brazil, India, and the United States. Its durability and affordability make it a popular choice for jewelry, especially for rings and pendants.
Peridot
Peridot is a silicate mineral that forms in the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is typically found in igneous rocks and is often associated with basalt. Peridot is one of the few gemstones that can be found in a single color—green—due to its consistent composition.
The most notable sources of peridot include Arizona in the United States, which is home to the world’s largest peridot mine. Other significant sources include Myanmar, Pakistan, and Egypt. Peridot’s availability and affordability make it an excellent choice for jewelry, and its vibrant green color is highly sought after.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral that forms in a variety of geological environments, including metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is often found in association with corundum (the mineral family that includes ruby and sapphire), which is why it is frequently mistaken for these gemstones.
High-quality spinel is found in countries such as Myanmar, Tanzania, and Vietnam. The gemstone’s availability and wide range of colors make it a versatile choice for jewelry. Its addition to the list of August birthstones reflects both its beauty and its practicality as a gemstone option.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of peridot, spinel, and sardonyx are essential in understanding their roles as birthstones. These properties include hardness, color, clarity, and refractive index, all of which affect a gemstone’s durability and visual appeal.
Sardonyx
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Banded combinations of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (white or black)
- Clarity: Typically opaque or translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.48–1.53
- Chemical Composition: Silica (SiO₂)
Sardonyx is a relatively hard gemstone, making it suitable for use in jewelry. Its banded appearance and durability make it a popular choice for rings, pendants, and other wearable items.
Peridot
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Green (ranging from yellow-green to olive-green)
- Clarity: Typically transparent to translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.65–1.70
- Chemical Composition: Magnesium iron silicate (Mg₁₋ₓFeₓSiO₄)
Peridot is known for its vibrant green color and relatively high hardness. It is a durable gemstone that is well-suited for use in jewelry. Its transparency and refractive index give it a lively, sparkling appearance.
Spinel
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Color: Red, pink, orange, blue, or black
- Clarity: Typically transparent to translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.718–1.723
- Chemical Composition: Magnesium aluminum oxide (MgAl₂O₄)
Spinel is a relatively hard gemstone, making it highly durable and suitable for use in jewelry. Its wide range of colors and high refractive index give it a brilliant, fiery appearance. The inclusion of spinel as an August birthstone reflects its beauty, durability, and versatility.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of August’s birthstones carries its own unique symbolism and metaphysical beliefs, reflecting the diverse cultural and historical contexts in which they have been used.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has long been associated with strength, protection, and clarity of thought. In ancient times, it was used as a protective amulet and was believed to help the wearer maintain a clear mind and a strong will. The stone’s banded appearance was also seen as a symbol of balance and harmony.
In modern times, sardonyx is still valued for its protective qualities and is often used in jewelry as a talisman for strength and confidence.
Peridot
Peridot is known as the "gem of the sun" and is believed to bring health, happiness, and protection from nightmares. It is also associated with compassion and generosity. In ancient times, peridot was thought to be a gift from the gods and was used in jewelry and amulets to bring good fortune.
In modern gemology, peridot is appreciated for its vibrant green color and its association with positive emotions and well-being. It is often used in jewelry as a symbol of hope and renewal.
Spinel
Spinel is a relatively new addition to the list of August birthstones, but it carries a rich history of symbolism. It is often associated with passion, courage, and vitality. The stone’s vibrant red and pink colors are particularly associated with love and energy.
In modern times, spinel is also valued for its durability and beauty. It is often used in jewelry as a symbol of strength, vitality, and emotional clarity.
Care and Cleaning
The care and cleaning of gemstones are essential for maintaining their beauty and durability. The specific care instructions for peridot, spinel, and sardonyx depend on their physical properties and sensitivity to heat, light, and chemicals.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a relatively hard and durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is not particularly sensitive to light or heat and can be worn daily without fear of damage. However, it should be kept away from harsh chemicals, which can dull its appearance.
Peridot
Peridot is a moderately hard gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is sensitive to sudden temperature changes and should be kept away from extreme heat. It is also advisable to avoid exposing peridot to harsh chemicals, as these can damage its surface and reduce its brilliance.
Spinel
Spinel is a very hard gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is highly durable and can be worn daily without fear of damage. However, it should be kept away from harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures, as these can affect its appearance and durability.
Conclusion
August is a unique and special month in the world of birthstones, as it is represented by three distinct gemstones: sardonyx, peridot, and spinel. The inclusion of these three stones reflects the rich history, gemological diversity, and evolving standards of the jewelry industry. Each stone brings its own unique charm, beauty, and significance, making August a particularly rich and diverse month in the world of birthstones.
Sardonyx, the oldest of the three, has a long and storied history dating back thousands of years. Peridot, known as the "gem of the sun," has been cherished for its vibrant green color and its association with health and happiness. Spinel, the most recent addition to the list, offers a vibrant and versatile gemstone option that highlights the growing appreciation for gemstone diversity.
The decision to include three birthstones for August reflects both practical and symbolic considerations. On one hand, the availability and affordability of these gemstones make it possible to offer more options for jewelry. On the other hand, the selection of sardonyx, peridot, and spinel as August birthstones highlights the rich history and varied meanings associated with each stone.
In conclusion, August's three birthstones represent a unique and meaningful reflection of the month's cultural, historical, and gemological significance. Whether you choose sardonyx, peridot, or spinel, each of these gemstones carries its own charm and significance, making August a truly special month in the world of birthstones.