December is the only month in the birthstone calendar that boasts four officially recognized gemstones, each with its own distinct character, history, and symbolism. These gemstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon (specifically Blue Zircon), and Blue Topaz—are all characterized by their cool, blue hues, mirroring the icy skies and tranquil tones of winter. While the tradition of birthstones dates back to ancient civilizations, December’s selection has evolved over time, incorporating both historical favorites and modern discoveries. This article explores the unique properties, cultural significance, and practical considerations of each of December’s four birthstones, drawing from the most reliable sources to provide an authoritative overview.
The Origin and Evolution of December Birthstones
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months is believed to have originated in ancient Mesopotamia, later adopted by the Greeks and Romans. These early associations were often rooted in religious, mystical, or therapeutic beliefs, with gemstones thought to offer protection, healing, or spiritual guidance. Over time, the practice became more standardized, with the GIA (Gemological Institute of America) and other gemological institutions influencing the modern list of birthstones.
December’s birthstone list has undergone significant changes since its early days. Initially, Turquoise and Zircon were the only two recognized December birthstones. However, in the 20th century, Blue Topaz was added to the list due to its popularity and availability. Most recently, in 2002, Tanzanite was officially recognized by the GIA as a December birthstone, marking a notable expansion of the collection.
This evolution reflects not only changing consumer preferences but also the discovery of new gemstone sources and the commercial appeal of newly found stones. For December, this means a diverse range of blue gemstones that cater to different tastes, budgets, and purposes.
The Four December Birthstones: An In-Depth Exploration
Turquoise
Historical Significance and Symbolism
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history that spans thousands of years and multiple cultures. It was highly valued in ancient Egypt, where it was used in jewelry, amulets, and even in the decoration of royalty. The name "turquoise" is derived from the French word turque, meaning "Turkish," as the gem was once believed to originate from Turkey, although it is now known to come from various regions including the United States, China, Iran, and Egypt.
In many cultures, Turquoise is associated with protection, wisdom, and good fortune. It has been used in Native American traditions as a sacred stone, believed to bring healing and spiritual clarity. In medieval Europe, it was considered a symbol of royalty and nobility, often featured in crowns and ceremonial regalia.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Composition: Hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper
- Color: Ranges from sky blue to greenish blue, often with veins of black or brown
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 5 to 6
- Luster: Waxy to vitreous
- Transparency: Opaque to translucent
- Cleavage: None
- Common Sources: United States (Arizona, New Mexico), China, Iran, Egypt
Turquoise is typically treated with dyes or resins to enhance its color and durability, especially for use in jewelry. Its relatively low hardness means it requires careful handling and cleaning to avoid scratches and damage.
Metaphysical and Modern Beliefs
Turquoise is often associated with calmness, emotional balance, and communication. It is believed to help in reducing stress and enhancing intuition. Some modern practitioners use it in chakra work, particularly for the Throat and Third Eye chakras, to promote clarity and truth.
Tanzanite
Historical Significance and Symbolism
Tanzanite is one of the most recent additions to the December birthstone list, discovered in 1967 in Tanzania by a local Masai herder. It was later identified and marketed by Hearts of Africa, a gem company, and officially recognized as a birthstone in 2002. The gemstone's name is derived from its exclusive source country, Tanzania.
Tanzanite is known for its trichroic nature, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, violet, and red—depending on the angle of light. This unique property gives it a dynamic and captivating appearance.
Symbolically, Tanzanite is associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual awakening. It is often used in metaphysical practices to help individuals embrace change and move forward with clarity and purpose.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Composition: Calcium aluminum silicate
- Color: Deep blue to violet, often with a blue-violet hue
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6 to 7
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Translucent to transparent
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction
- Common Source: Tanzania (specifically the Merelani Hills in Shinyanga Region)
Tanzanite is usually heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity. This treatment is widely accepted in the gem trade and is considered standard for the gemstone.
Metaphysical and Modern Beliefs
Tanzanite is believed to promote emotional healing and spiritual growth. It is associated with the Throat and Crown chakras, helping to enhance communication and spiritual insight. Many people use Tanzanite to support emotional release and to encourage compassion and understanding.
Zircon (Blue Zircon)
Historical Significance and Symbolism
Zircon is a gemstone with a long and storied history. The name "zircon" comes from the Arabic word "zarkun", which refers to a group of yellowish gemstones. Zircon has been used in jewelry for centuries, with some of the earliest recorded uses in ancient India and the Middle East.
Blue Zircon is one of the most popular varieties, especially among December birthstone enthusiasts. It is often confused with cubic zirconia, which is a synthetic gemstone and not related to natural zircon. Blue Zircon is typically heat-treated to achieve its beautiful blue color, which can range from light sky blue to deep cobalt.
Zircon is associated with wisdom, clarity, and truth. It has been used in medieval European alchemy and mysticism, where it was believed to protect against evil and enhance spiritual insight.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Composition: Zirconium silicate
- Color: Colorless, yellow, red, green, and blue (most popular for December)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6 to 7.5
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent
- Cleavage: None
- Common Sources: Brazil, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, and the United States
Blue Zircon is typically heat-treated to enhance its color. This treatment is common and does not affect the gemstone's durability.
Metaphysical and Modern Beliefs
Zircon is associated with mental clarity, emotional balance, and spiritual growth. It is believed to help in decision-making and in overcoming fear and anxiety. In modern metaphysical practices, Zircon is often used to enhance memory, learning, and focus.
Blue Topaz
Historical Significance and Symbolism
Blue Topaz is a relatively recent addition to the December birthstone list, though it has quickly gained popularity due to its durability and affordability. The gemstone is a type of topaz that has been irradiated or heat-treated to achieve its blue color.
Topaz has been known and valued since ancient times. In Ancient Egypt, it was called the "fire gem" due to its brilliant colors, and it was believed to increase strength and intellect. In medieval Europe, topaz was associated with courage, wisdom, and the power to improve eyesight.
Blue Topaz is particularly valued for its calming and protective properties. It is often used in jewelry and decorative objects, and it is considered a symbol of peace, serenity, and emotional healing.
Gemological Properties
- Chemical Composition: Silicate of aluminum and fluorine
- Color: Blue (ranging from light to deep blue)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent
- Cleavage: None
- Common Sources: Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States
Blue Topaz is often irradiated or heat-treated to enhance its color. This treatment is widely accepted in the gem trade and is considered standard for blue topaz.
Metaphysical and Modern Beliefs
Blue Topaz is associated with emotional healing, calmness, and mental clarity. It is believed to help in reducing stress, promoting positive thinking, and enhancing intuition. It is also used in chakra work, particularly for the Throat chakra, to enhance communication and truth.
Comparative Overview of December Birthstones
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Composition | Common Sources | Symbolism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Sky blue to greenish | 5–6 | Hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper | United States, China, Iran, Egypt | Protection, wisdom, good fortune |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Calcium aluminum silicate | Tanzania (Merelani Hills) | Transformation, intuition, spiritual awakening |
| Blue Zircon | Blue | 6–7.5 | Zirconium silicate | Brazil, Cambodia, Thailand, U.S. | Clarity, truth, wisdom |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Silicate of aluminum and fluorine | Brazil, Nigeria, U.S. | Calmness, emotional healing, serenity |
Choosing the Right December Birthstone for You
Each of December’s birthstones offers a unique blend of aesthetic appeal, symbolism, and practical considerations. When choosing a December birthstone, consider the following factors:
- Durability: If you're looking for a long-lasting gemstone, Blue Topaz (hardness 8) and Zircon (6–7.5) are the most durable options. Turquoise and Tanzanite are softer and require more care.
- Color Preference: Turquoise offers organic, earthy patterns, while Tanzanite has a deep, shifting blue-violet. Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz offer clean, vibrant blue tones.
- Symbolism and Meaning: If emotional healing and clarity are important to you, consider Blue Topaz or Zircon. If you're drawn to spiritual transformation, Tanzanite may be the best fit. For protection and grounding, Turquoise is ideal.
- Budget: Blue Topaz and Zircon are generally more affordable, while high-quality Turquoise and Tanzanite can be quite valuable, especially in even color and large sizes.
Caring for Your December Birthstone
Proper care is essential to preserving the beauty and integrity of your birthstone jewelry. Here are some general care tips for each of the December birthstones:
Turquoise:
- Avoid water and chemicals, as it is porous and can be easily damaged.
- Store separately to prevent scratches.
- Clean with a soft cloth and avoid using ultrasonic cleaners.
Tanzanite:
- Avoid exposure to heat and harsh chemicals.
- Store in a soft cloth or pouch to prevent scratches.
- Clean gently with a mild soap and soft brush.
Blue Zircon:
- Resistant to scratches and chemicals, but avoid high-temperature environments.
- Clean with a soft cloth or ultrasonic cleaner.
Blue Topaz:
- Very durable and can be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner.
- Resistant to scratches and chemicals, making it ideal for everyday wear.
Conclusion
December is uniquely positioned in the world of birthstones as the only month with four officially recognized gems: Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz. Each of these gemstones offers a distinct blend of beauty, symbolism, and gemological properties, making them ideal choices for jewelry and personal adornment.
From the earth-toned patterns of Turquoise to the shifting hues of Tanzanite, the vibrant clarity of Blue Zircon, and the serene calm of Blue Topaz, these gemstones reflect the diversity and richness of December’s spirit. Whether you are drawn to their historical significance, metaphysical properties, or aesthetic appeal, there is a December birthstone for every taste and purpose.
Understanding the origin, properties, and symbolism of each gemstone allows for a more meaningful connection with these stones. As you explore the world of December birthstones, consider what each one represents and how it might align with your personal values, intentions, and style.