December is unique among months for its association with multiple birthstones, each offering a different shade of blue and a distinct character. In the UK, the most widely recognized birthstones for December are turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz. These gemstones not only reflect the icy, wintry tones of the season but also carry centuries of history, symbolism, and cultural significance.
This article explores the geological, historical, and symbolic aspects of these December birthstones, providing an in-depth look at their properties, meanings, and practical considerations for ownership and care. Whether you're a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the significance of birthstones, this guide will offer a comprehensive overview of December's blue treasures.
The December Birthstone Tradition
The practice of associating gemstones with specific months is ancient and varied, with roots in multiple cultures and traditions. In the UK, the most commonly accepted December birthstones include turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz. These gemstones are celebrated for their beautiful blue hues, which mirror the cold, clear skies of winter and the deep tranquility associated with the season.
Historically, the selection of birthstones has evolved over time. While earlier lists often featured only one gemstone per month, the modern standard includes multiple options to provide a wider range of choices in terms of color, availability, and affordability. This evolution was driven by organizations such as the National Association of Jewellers (US), which sought to standardize and expand the list to include more accessible and versatile gemstones.
In the UK, the National Association of Jewellers and other gemological bodies have helped solidify the current list of December birthstones, ensuring that individuals born in this month can choose from a variety of beautiful and meaningful options.
History and Lore
Turquoise: The Ancient Sky-Blue Treasure
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history that spans thousands of years and multiple civilizations. Revered by the ancient Egyptians, Persians, Native Americans, and Tibetan cultures, turquoise has long been associated with protection, wisdom, and spiritual connection.
Its name comes from the French word turquoise, meaning "Turkish," as the gem was once believed to have originated from the Middle East and was brought to Europe via trade routes through Turkey. In reality, turquoise was mined in ancient Egypt from deposits in the Sinai Peninsula and was used in amulets, jewelry, and decorative objects.
Turquoise has also played a significant role in Native American cultures, where it is seen as a symbol of good fortune and protection. It is often used in ceremonial jewelry and is believed to offer a connection to the spirit world.
In the UK, turquoise has been cherished for centuries and remains a popular choice for December birthstone jewelry. Its warm, earthy tones and distinctive matrix patterns make it a unique and timeless gemstone.
Tanzanite: The Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is a relatively modern gemstone, first discovered in the late 1960s in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. It is a type of zoisite that exhibits a striking blue to violet color when cut and treated. Tanzanite quickly gained popularity due to its vibrant color and the fact that it is found only in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
The gemstone's association with transformation and new beginnings has made it a popular choice for those born in December. Its deep, rich hues and the way it changes color in different lighting add to its allure and mystique.
Tanzanite is also considered a symbol of spiritual growth and emotional balance. It is believed to help individuals embrace change and find clarity in times of uncertainty.
Blue Topaz: The Sparkling Winter Gem
Blue topaz is a transparent gemstone that displays a brilliant, icy blue color. Unlike turquoise and tanzanite, which are opaque or semi-precious, blue topaz is a transparent gemstone with a high refractive index, making it ideal for sparkling, elegant jewelry.
Blue topaz is typically treated to enhance its color, as natural blue topaz is rare. The treatment involves irradiation and heating, which stabilizes the blue color and gives the gemstone its beautiful, vibrant hue. Despite being a modern gemstone, blue topaz has quickly become a popular choice for December birthstone jewelry, especially in the UK.
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, serenity, and clarity of thought. It is also believed to bring good fortune and positive energy to its wearer, making it a fitting symbol for the month of December.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. It forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits, often in arid climates where water can dissolve and transport minerals.
The most important sources of turquoise include:
- Egypt – The Sinai Peninsula has been a source of turquoise since ancient times.
- Iran (Persia) – Known for producing some of the finest turquoise with a deep blue color and minimal matrix.
- USA – The American Southwest, particularly Arizona and New Mexico, is a major source of turquoise used in Native American jewelry.
- China and Mexico – These countries also produce turquoise, though the quality and color can vary.
Turquoise is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale, and it is often stabilized or treated to improve its durability and color.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH). It is found only in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, making it one of the most geographically restricted gemstones in the world.
Tanzanite forms in metamorphic rock under high pressure and temperature conditions. Its blue to violet color is due to trace amounts of vanadium, which is activated by heat treatment to stabilize the color.
The Merelani mine is the only source of tanzanite, and the gemstone is expected to become increasingly rare as the mine's reserves diminish.
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable for jewelry use. However, it is still a fragile gemstone and requires careful handling.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. It is found in a variety of geological environments, including igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Natural blue topaz is extremely rare, and most of the blue topaz on the market is treated to enhance its color. The treatment process involves irradiation and heating, which permanently changes the gemstone's color.
Major sources of topaz include:
- Brazil – The largest producer of topaz, including blue topaz.
- Nigeria and China – Also significant sources of topaz.
- United States – Topaz is also found in the U.S., particularly in Colorado and Texas.
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it highly durable and suitable for everyday wear in jewelry.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Composition | Transparency | Refractive Index (RI) | Specific Gravity (SG) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to green with brown matrix | 5–6 | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | Opaque | 1.61–1.65 | 2.6–2.8 |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH) | Transparent | 1.69–1.70 | 3.1–3.5 |
| Blue Topaz | Icy blue | 8 | Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 | Transparent | 1.62–1.64 | 3.4–3.6 |
These gemological properties highlight the distinct characteristics of each December birthstone. Turquoise is softer and opaque, making it ideal for carved designs and rustic jewelry. Tanzanite is transparent with a deep, rich color and a moderate hardness. Blue topaz is the hardest of the three, making it suitable for everyday wear and more intricate settings.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each December birthstone carries its own unique symbolism and metaphysical meaning:
Turquoise
- Symbolism: Protection, wisdom, and spiritual connection.
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Turquoise is believed to offer protection during travel and to promote a sense of calm and balance. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to enhance intuition and emotional healing.
Tanzanite
- Symbolism: Transformation, clarity, and new beginnings.
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Tanzanite is associated with emotional healing and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals embrace change and find clarity in times of uncertainty.
Blue Topaz
- Symbolism: Serenity, calmness, and positive energy.
- Metaphysical Beliefs: Blue topaz is believed to bring good fortune and positive energy to its wearer. It is also associated with mental clarity and the ability to see situations from a new perspective.
These symbolic meanings make December's birthstones not only beautiful but also deeply meaningful, offering a range of personal and spiritual benefits.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and durability of December's birthstones:
Turquoise
- Care: Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, so it should be protected from harsh chemicals, heat, and excessive moisture. Avoid soaking it in water or exposing it to direct sunlight for extended periods.
- Cleaning: Clean with a soft, damp cloth and mild soap. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can damage the gemstone.
Tanzanite
- Care: Tanzanite is moderately durable but still requires careful handling. Avoid exposure to extreme heat or sudden temperature changes.
- Cleaning: Use a soft, damp cloth with mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
Blue Topaz
- Care: Blue topaz is durable and suitable for everyday wear. It can withstand normal wear and tear but should be protected from hard knocks.
- Cleaning: Clean with warm water and a mild detergent. A soft brush can be used to remove dirt from the surface.
Proper care will ensure that your December birthstone jewelry remains beautiful and valuable for years to come.
Conclusion
December's birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz—offer a beautiful and meaningful selection for those born in this month. Each gemstone has its own unique history, symbolism, and properties, making them a perfect choice for jewelry and personal adornment.
Whether you prefer the ancient charm of turquoise, the deep, transformative energy of tanzanite, or the sparkling elegance of blue topaz, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste and style. These gemstones not only reflect the cool, wintry palette of December but also carry centuries of meaning and cultural significance.
By understanding the properties, symbolism, and care requirements of these gemstones, you can make an informed choice when selecting December birthstone jewelry. Whether for yourself or as a gift, these blue treasures offer a timeless connection to the past and a beautiful way to celebrate the season.