September is a month marked by two distinct yet equally captivating birthstones: the sapphire and the lapis lazuli. Of these, the blue sapphire is the most widely recognized and historically significant, serving as the official birthstone for those born on September 21 and throughout the month. Its deep blue color, rich symbolism, and long-standing association with royalty and wisdom make it one of the most cherished gemstones in the world. This article explores the sapphire in depth, drawing on historical, geological, and cultural sources to illuminate its significance as the September birthstone.
History and Lore
The sapphire has long been a symbol of nobility, truth, and divine favor. Its name derives from the Greek sappheiros, which originally referred to lapis lazuli — another deep blue gemstone — before being applied specifically to corundum in the 14th century. The sapphire’s association with blue has persisted throughout history, with ancient cultures attributing mystical properties to the gem.
In medieval Europe, sapphires were believed to possess protective qualities. Clergy members wore sapphires to symbolize the heavens and to attract divine blessings. The gem was also thought to cure diseases of the eye and to act as an antidote to poison. Ancient Persians believed the earth rested on a giant sapphire, which gave the sky its blue hue — a poetic explanation that highlights the gem's celestial associations.
The sapphire’s link to royalty is equally enduring. Kings and queens throughout history have prized the gem not only for its beauty but also for its perceived protective powers. The gem has adorned crowns, scepters, and royal jewelry, reinforcing its status as a symbol of power and wisdom.
In modern times, sapphires continue to hold symbolic meaning. They are associated with sincerity, truth, and constancy — making them a fitting gift for September birthdays. Sapphires also mark the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, and star sapphires are traditionally given to celebrate the 65th anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires belong to the corundum family, a mineral composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Corundum is naturally colorless, but trace amounts of other elements can alter its hue. The deep blue color of sapphires is caused by the presence of iron and titanium. The more iron present, the deeper the blue tone. In contrast, sapphires that take on yellow, orange, or pink hues are due to the presence of elements like chromium or iron in different ratios.
While blue is the most iconic color for sapphires, the gem can be found in a wide range of colors — including green, violet, pink, and even colorless — and is referred to as a "fancy sapphire" when it appears in any color other than blue. The rarest and most valuable of these is the padparadscha sapphire, which exhibits a delicate orange-pink hue.
Sapphires are formed deep within the Earth's crust under intense heat and pressure. They are typically found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, often in conjunction with other gemstones like rubies and zircons. The finest sapphires are often extracted from alluvial deposits, where they have been eroded from their original rock formations and transported by water.
The world’s largest source of sapphires is Australia, particularly in the state of Queensland. Australian sapphires are known for their deep, inky blue color. Other notable sources include Kashmir in India, famous for its cornflower-blue sapphires, and Myanmar (Burma), home to the legendary 62.02-carat Rockefeller Sapphire.
East Africa, including countries like Tanzania and Kenya, is also a significant source of commercial-grade sapphires. In the United States, sapphires are mined in Montana, where the gems are known for their unique violet-blue color.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are among the hardest gemstones, ranking a 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness — second only to diamonds, which rank at 10. This high level of durability makes sapphires ideal for everyday wear in rings, earrings, and necklaces. Their toughness also means they can be cut into a variety of styles, from brilliant round cuts to more intricate designs.
The refractive index of sapphires typically ranges from 1.76 to 1.78, which gives them a bright, glassy luster. Their clarity can vary from completely transparent to slightly included, depending on the origin and type of inclusions present. Some inclusions can actually enhance a sapphire’s value, as they indicate natural formation rather than synthetic production.
Sapphires are typically cut to enhance their color and brilliance. The most common cut is the emerald cut, which showcases the gem’s deep blue color and clarity. However, sapphires are also cut in round, oval, cushion, and pear shapes, depending on the desired aesthetic and the stone’s natural shape.
In terms of carat weight, sapphires can range from tiny melee stones to large, museum-quality specimens. The value of a sapphire is determined by several factors, including:
- Color: A rich, deep blue with good saturation is the most desirable.
- Clarity: Clear, inclusion-free sapphires are rarer and more valuable.
- Cut: A well-proportioned cut enhances the gem’s brilliance and color.
- Carat weight: Larger sapphires are rarer and more valuable.
- Origin: Sapphires from famous locations like Kashmir or Burma can command higher prices.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The sapphire has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight. In ancient Greece and Rome, sapphires were believed to protect the wearer from harm and envy. Medieval Europeans thought the gem could cure plague boils and other diseases, while also serving as an antidote to poison.
In the realm of chakra healing, sapphires are associated with the third eye and throat chakras, making them believed to enhance intuition, communication, and spiritual awareness. Some practitioners use sapphires in meditation to promote mental clarity and focus.
The sapphire’s deep blue color is also linked to fidelity and constancy, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and wedding jewelry. In astrology, sapphires are one of the zodiac birthstones for Virgo (August 23 – September 22) and Libra (September 23 – October 22). For Virgos, who are known for their analytical and detail-oriented nature, the sapphire is thought to enhance their natural intelligence and thoughtfulness.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its high hardness, sapphires are relatively easy to care for compared to softer gemstones like emeralds or opals. However, certain precautions should be taken to preserve their beauty and longevity:
- Avoid harsh chemicals: Sapphires should not be exposed to abrasive cleaners or harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone or its setting.
- Use a soft cloth or brush: When cleaning, use a soft, lint-free cloth or a soft-bristled brush with mild soap and warm water. Gently scrub the gem to remove dirt and grime.
- Avoid extreme temperatures: Sapphires are generally heat-resistant, but sudden temperature changes can cause stress on the gem, especially if it has inclusions or is mounted in a fragile setting.
- Store properly: To prevent scratches, store sapphires separately from other gemstones, especially those with lower hardness.
It’s also important to note that sapphires can sometimes be treated to enhance their color or clarity. Common treatments include heat treatment and oil or resin filling. When purchasing a sapphire, it’s advisable to request a gemological certificate to confirm the stone’s authenticity and any treatments it may have undergone.
Conclusion
The sapphire is more than just a gemstone — it is a symbol of wisdom, truth, and enduring beauty. As the September birthstone, it captures the essence of the transition from summer to fall with its deep, celestial blue color. Whether set in a classic engagement ring or worn as a pendant, the sapphire is a timeless gem that continues to captivate and inspire.
From its ancient associations with royalty and the divine to its modern-day role in jewelry and spiritual practice, the sapphire remains a gemstone of profound significance. Its geological rarity, cultural symbolism, and enduring beauty make it a fitting gift for September birthdays and a treasured heirloom for generations to come.