September’s birthstone is a gemstone that exudes elegance, wisdom, and a rich history. While sapphire is the most widely recognized birthstone for this month, the selection also includes other historically significant stones such as lapis lazuli, agate, zircon, and peridot. This article explores the cultural, geological, and symbolic significance of these gemstones, with a particular focus on sapphire—the primary birthstone of September.
From its association with royalty and spiritual insight to its role in ancient traditions and alternative calendars, the September birthstone reflects a complex interplay of history, science, and symbolism. We will also examine the color, composition, and care of these gemstones, offering an in-depth understanding that will appeal to gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry collectors, and students of gemology.
History and Lore
The birthstone tradition for September is rooted in multiple ancient and modern calendars, and its evolution reveals fascinating shifts in cultural perception and symbolic meaning.
Sapphires: The Crown Jewel of September
Sapphire is the official birthstone for September in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Its association with this month is deeply historical. The term “sapphire” is derived from the Greek word sappheiros, meaning “blue,” a reference to its most iconic and sought-after color. Sapphires have long been linked with nobility and divinity. In ancient Greece and Rome, blue sapphires were believed to offer protection from harm and envy. During the Middle Ages, clergymen often wore sapphires because the deep blue color was associated with Heaven.
Sapphire’s royal connections are well-documented. It has adorned crowns, scepters, and jewelry of monarchs for centuries. One of the most famous sapphires is the Star of India, a 563-carat gem currently housed at the American Museum of Natural History. Sapphires have also been worn by notable historical and modern figures, including Queen Victoria and the late Princess Diana, who famously wore a sapphire engagement ring gifted by Prince Charles.
Lapis Lazuli: A Royal Blue Alternative
In the British tradition, lapis lazuli is recognized as an alternative birthstone for September. Like sapphire, lapis lazuli is a deep blue stone, often flecked with golden pyrite. It was used in ancient Egypt, where it was ground into powder for pigments and jewelry. Lapis lazuli was highly prized in the Middle East and Central Asia, where it was traded along the Silk Road. The stone was believed to enhance awareness and creativity, making it a popular choice for scholars and artists.
Lapis lazuli also served as a zodiac stone for Libra, which spans from September 23 to October 22. Its association with balance and harmony aligns well with the characteristics of the Libra zodiac sign.
Peridot: The Forgotten September Stone
Peridot, a vibrant green to yellow gemstone, was once the traditional birthstone for September in several ancient calendars, including the old Italian, Russian, Hebrew, and Arabic. Before 1912, peridot was consistently associated with September across these traditions. It was also the zodiac stone for Libra. However, in 1912, peridot was reclassified as the birthstone for August, a shift that some sources suggest was an error, as peridot never naturally aligned with August in any traditional system.
Peridot is a gem-quality crystal of olivine, typically found in volcanic rocks. It was believed to protect the wearer from negativity and was often carried by travelers and warriors. Despite its historical significance, peridot is no longer widely recognized as a September birthstone in modern times.
Agate and Sardonyx: The Stones of Ancient Calendars
Agate, a banded form of chalcedony, was the September birthstone in the old Tibetan calendar. It is a versatile gemstone that comes in a wide range of colors, including red, green, white, and blue. Agate was believed to enhance intelligence and eloquence and was associated with prudence.
Sardonyx, a type of onyx with red sard bands, was the September birthstone in the old Roman and Polish calendars. It was particularly favored by Roman soldiers, who wore it for courage and protection. Sardonyx was also thought to provide strength and valor, making it a popular talisman in ancient times.
Zircon, another alternative September birthstone, is mentioned in the Hindu calendar. Zircon is a transparent gemstone that can appear in many colors, though the blue variety is the most popular. It was believed to bring peace of mind and prosperity and was occasionally used as a diamond substitute in jewelry.
Before zircon became the September birthstone in the Hindu tradition, moonstone was also associated with the month in India. Moonstone, composed of alternating layers of orthoclase and albite, is known for its ethereal glow and was believed to relieve anxiety and bring security.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of the September birthstones provides insight into their rarity, beauty, and value.
Sapphires: A Corundum of Beauty
Sapphires are a type of corundum, a mineral composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). While sapphires are most commonly known for their deep blue color, they can also appear in a range of colors, including pink, yellow, green, and even colorless. The blue color in sapphires is due to trace amounts of iron and titanium. Sapphires are formed deep within the Earth's crust under intense heat and pressure, and they are often found in metamorphic rocks and igneous rock formations.
The most famous sources of sapphires include:
- Sri Lanka: Known as the “King of Stones,” Sri Lanka has been a major source of high-quality sapphires for centuries.
- India (Kashmir): Kashmir sapphires are particularly prized for their intense blue and velvety body.
- Australia: Australia produces a wide range of sapphires, including the popular “Padparadscha” sapphires, which are a mix of pink and orange.
- Myanmar (Burma): Burmese sapphires, especially those from the Mogok region, are highly valued for their rich blue color and clarity.
- Madagascar and Tanzania: These countries have become significant producers of sapphires in recent decades.
Sapphires are known for their hardness—scoring 9 on the Mohs scale—making them ideal for use in rings, necklaces, and other forms of jewelry. They are also highly durable, resistant to scratches, and suitable for everyday wear.
Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of the Ancients
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral. It also contains other minerals such as pyrite (which gives it its golden flecks) and calcite. Lapis lazuli forms when limestone is exposed to extreme heat and pressure, a process that can take millions of years.
The most notable sources of lapis lazuli include:
- Afghanistan: The primary and most historic source of lapis lazuli, with deposits in the Badakhshan region that have been mined for thousands of years.
- Egypt: Used by ancient Egyptians in jewelry and cosmetics.
- Chile and Argentina: These South American countries have significant deposits, especially in the Andes Mountains.
- Russia and the United States: Smaller sources that contribute to the global supply.
Lapis lazuli is relatively soft compared to sapphire, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more delicate and suitable for use in pendants, earrings, and other jewelry that is not subjected to heavy wear.
Peridot: A Volcanic Gem
Peridot is a silicate mineral formed in the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is typically found in basaltic rocks and is also present in meteorites. The most valuable peridots are those with a rich green color and high clarity.
Major sources of peridot include:
- Zambia: Known for producing some of the finest peridots in the world.
- Madagascar and Myanmar: These countries are also significant producers.
- United States (Arizona): The San Carlos Apache Reservation in Arizona is a notable source of peridot.
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, making it durable enough for use in rings and other jewelry, though it is not as tough as sapphire.
Agate and Sardonyx: Chalcedony Varieties
Agate is a form of chalcedony, a mineral composed of microcrystalline quartz. It forms in the cavities of volcanic rocks, where it slowly crystallizes over time. Agate is known for its banding, which is caused by changes in the mineral composition during its formation.
Sardonyx is a type of agate that contains alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a black chalcedony). This unique banding pattern makes sardonyx a popular choice for carved seals and cameos.
Both agate and sardonyx are relatively durable, with a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, making them suitable for a variety of jewelry applications.
Zircon and Moonstone: Rare and Radiant
Zircon is a zirconium silicate that can form in a range of geological settings, including igneous and metamorphic rocks. The blue variety of zircon is the most popular and is achieved through heat treatment. Zircon is known for its brilliance and refractive index, which gives it a fire similar to that of diamonds.
Moonstone is a type of feldspar that is composed of alternating layers of orthoclase and albite. These layers create a phenomenon known as adularescence, a shimmering light that appears to float beneath the surface of the stone. Moonstone is typically found in pegmatite deposits and is most commonly associated with India, especially the U.S. state of Florida and Brazil.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of the September birthstones provides insight into their appearance, durability, and care.
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color | Origin | Symbolism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sapphire | Al₂O₃ | 9 | Blue (most common), also pink, yellow, green, etc. | Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Australia, Madagascar | Wisdom, truth, nobility |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite | 5–6 | Deep blue with gold flecks | Afghanistan, Chile, Russia | Creativity, awareness |
| Peridot | Mg₂SiO₄ | 6.5–7 | Green to yellow | Zambia, Madagascar, Myanmar, Arizona | Protection from negativity |
| Agate | SiO₂ (microcrystalline quartz) | 6.5–7 | Banded colors | Brazil, India, Uruguay | Intelligence, eloquence |
| Sardonyx | SiO₂ | 6.5–7 | Red and white bands | India, Brazil, Africa | Courage, valor |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6–7.5 | Blue, yellow, brown | Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand | Peace of mind, prosperity |
| Moonstone | KAlSi₃O₈–NaAlSi₃O₈ | 6–6.5 | White, pink, blue | India, Brazil, United States | Security, calm |
Sapphire
Sapphires are known for their exceptional hardness (9 on the Mohs scale), making them ideal for use in rings and other jewelry that is worn daily. They are also highly resistant to scratches and abrasions. Sapphires come in a wide range of colors, but the deep blue variety is the most iconic and widely associated with September.
Sapphires are typically cut in round, oval, or cushion shapes to maximize their brilliance and clarity. High-quality sapphires are rare and expensive, especially those with vivid color and excellent clarity.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is softer than sapphire, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. While it is beautiful and historically significant, it is more delicate and requires careful handling. Lapis lazuli is often carved or polished into cabochons and beads rather than faceted stones. It is also used in inlay and ornamental work.
Peridot
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5–7, making it relatively durable for use in jewelry. It is often cut in round or oval shapes and can be found in a variety of sizes. Peridot is known for its vibrant green color and is highly transparent. The most valuable peridots are those with a rich, intense green hue and high clarity.
Agate and Sardonyx
Agate and sardonyx are both forms of chalcedony and have a hardness of 6.5–7. They are durable and suitable for a variety of jewelry applications. Agate is often used in beads, cabochons, and inlay work, while sardonyx is popular for carved seals and cameos.
Zircon and Moonstone
Zircon has a hardness of 6–7.5 and is known for its brilliance and refractive index, which gives it a fire similar to that of diamonds. Zircon is often used as a diamond substitute and is available in a range of colors.
Moonstone has a hardness of 6–6.5 and is known for its ethereal glow, known as adularescence. It is best suited for use in pendants and earrings, as it is more delicate than sapphire.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the September birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, rooted in ancient traditions and modern interpretations.
Sapphire: Wisdom and Nobility
Sapphire has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and nobility. In medieval Europe, it was believed to cure diseases of the eye and protect against poison. Sapphires were also thought to bring good fortune and were often worn by royalty and clergy.
In modern times, sapphire is still considered a stone of wisdom and insight. It is believed to enhance mental clarity, promote spiritual growth, and encourage honest communication. Sapphires are also associated with loyalty and fidelity, making them a popular choice for engagement rings and other meaningful jewelry.
Lapis Lazuli: Creativity and Awareness
Lapis lazuli is a stone of creativity and awareness. In ancient Egypt, it was used in cosmetics and jewelry, and it was believed to enhance intellectual and spiritual development. Lapis lazuli is also associated with truth and sincerity and is often used in meditation and spiritual practices.
Lapis lazuli is believed to help with decision-making, improve communication, and promote emotional balance. It is a popular stone for scholars, artists, and those seeking inspiration.
Peridot: Protection and Positivity
Peridot is a stone of protection and positivity. It was believed to ward off negativity and was often carried by travelers and warriors for protection. Peridot is also associated with renewal and transformation and is believed to help with emotional healing and personal growth.
In modern metaphysical practices, peridot is used to attract abundance, promote joy, and enhance self-esteem. It is also believed to help with insomnia and anxiety.
Agate and Sardonyx: Courage and Clarity
Agate is associated with intelligence and eloquence. It is believed to help with communication and mental clarity and is often used to enhance focus and concentration. Agate is also a stone of prudence and is believed to provide a sense of stability and balance.
Sardonyx is a stone of courage and valor. It was worn by Roman soldiers for protection and was believed to bring strength and confidence. Sardonyx is also associated with willpower and is believed to help with decision-making and emotional balance.
Zircon and Moonstone: Peace and Security
Zircon is a stone of peace and prosperity. It is believed to bring calm and serenity to the mind and is often used in meditation and spiritual practices. Zircon is also associated with abundance and is believed to help with financial and material success.
Moonstone is a stone of security and calm. It is believed to promote emotional balance and is often used to reduce anxiety and stress. Moonstone is also associated with intuition and is believed to enhance psychic abilities and spiritual awareness.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of the September birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, composition, and sensitivity.
Sapphire
Sapphires are highly durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. They can be safely soaked in water and are suitable for ultrasonic and steam cleaning. Sapphires should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is softer and more delicate than sapphire. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap in warm water. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners. Lapis lazuli should be stored in a soft cloth or padded box to prevent scratches.
Peridot
Peridot can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is not recommended for ultrasonic or steam cleaning. Peridot should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches.
Agate and Sardonyx
Agate and sardonyx can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. They are not recommended for ultrasonic or steam cleaning. They should be stored in a soft cloth or padded box to prevent scratches.
Zircon and Moonstone
Zircon can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is not recommended for ultrasonic or steam cleaning. Zircon should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches.
Moonstone should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap in warm water. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners. Moonstone should be stored in a soft cloth or padded box to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
The September birthstone tradition reflects a fascinating interplay of history, culture, and science. While sapphire is the most widely recognized birthstone for this month, it is joined by a rich tapestry of other gemstones, each with its own unique properties and symbolism. From the deep blue brilliance of sapphires to the golden flecks of lapis lazuli, and from the vibrant green of peridot to the ethereal glow of moonstone, the September birthstones offer a diverse array of beauty and meaning.
Understanding the geological origins, historical significance, and gemological properties of these stones provides a deeper appreciation for their value and beauty. Whether worn as jewelry or used in spiritual and metaphysical practices, the September birthstones continue to captivate and inspire gemstone enthusiasts, collectors, and students of gemology.