Sapphire, the birthstone for September, is a gemstone that has captured the imagination of humanity for millennia. As a variety of corundum, it is one of the hardest natural minerals, second only to diamond on the Mohs scale. Sapphires are most famously known for their striking blue color, though they can appear in a stunning array of colors depending on trace elements present during their formation. Historically, sapphire has been closely associated with royalty, spirituality, and divine protection. Its rarity, durability, and aesthetic appeal have made it one of the most coveted gemstones in the world. This article explores the sapphire’s rich history, geological formation, cultural symbolism, and practical considerations for care and ownership, all grounded in the information provided in the available sources.
History and Lore
Sapphire has long been revered for its mystical and symbolic associations. The word "sapphire" originates from the Greek sappheiros, which may have originally referred to lapis lazuli. Ancient civilizations believed that sapphires possessed protective and divine qualities. In ancient Greece and Rome, blue sapphires were thought to safeguard their wearers from harm and envy. These beliefs were later adopted by medieval clerics, who associated the gemstone with Heaven and purity. In the Middle Ages, sapphires were often worn by clergy as a symbol of their spiritual connection to the divine.
One of the most enduring legends is that of the ancient Persians, who believed the earth was resting on a massive sapphire. According to this belief, the reflection of this colossal gemstone was what gave the sky its blue color. This myth highlights the sapphire’s perceived connection to the heavens and its role in shaping natural phenomena.
Sapphires were also believed to have medicinal properties in the medieval period. Europeans thought that sapphires could cure diseases of the eye and were an antidote to poison. Additionally, the gemstone was believed to cure plague boils, making it a valuable and sought-after item during outbreaks of disease.
The sapphire’s association with royalty is particularly notable. Deep blue sapphires have long been worn by monarchs and nobility, symbolizing power, wisdom, and divine favor. The coining of the color "royal blue" is often attributed to this royal association. This tradition of royal patronage continued into the 20th century, with sapphires appearing in some of the most iconic pieces of jewelry worn by European royalty.
Perhaps the most famous sapphire in modern history is the 12-carat blue sapphire engagement ring that was first presented by Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer in 1981. The ring was later given to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, by Prince William, continuing the royal tradition of sapphire jewelry. The stone in the ring, which is surrounded by diamonds, has become one of the most recognizable pieces of jewelry in the world.
Sapphires also hold significance in the realm of wedding anniversaries. They are the traditional gemstone for the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, further cementing their role as symbols of enduring love and commitment.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are formed from the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The presence of trace elements such as titanium and iron imparts the characteristic blue color to sapphires. The intensity of the blue hue depends on the concentration of these elements; the higher the titanium content, the deeper the blue color. In contrast, sapphires with other colors—such as pink, yellow, green, or purple—are referred to as "fancy sapphires," while those with multiple colors are known as "parti-colored sapphires."
The formation of sapphires requires specific geological conditions, typically involving high-pressure and high-temperature environments. Sapphires are often found in metamorphic rocks, such as those formed from the transformation of limestone or sandstone, or in igneous rocks like basalts and granites. The presence of corundum in these environments is relatively rare, which contributes to the gemstone’s scarcity and value.
Some of the most historically significant sources of sapphires include:
Kashmir: Discovered in 1881 in the Himalayas, Kashmir sapphires are renowned for their "cornflower" blue color and velvety appearance. The sapphires from this region are considered among the most valuable in the world.
Myanmar (formerly Burma): The Mogok region of Myanmar has been a famous source of sapphires for over 2,000 years. These sapphires often display a rich, intense blue hue and are highly prized in the gem trade.
Sri Lanka: Known for its long history of gemstone mining, Sri Lanka has produced sapphires for centuries. The gemstones from this island nation are often of high quality and are found alongside ruby deposits.
Australia: In the 20th century, Australia became a major producer of sapphires, particularly from the state of Queensland. Australian sapphires are known for their vibrant blue color and excellent clarity.
Madagascar and Thailand: These countries have also emerged as important sources of sapphires in recent decades. The sapphires from these regions vary in color and quality but are often used in a wide range of jewelry.
United States (Montana): The U.S. has a few notable sapphire deposits, with Montana being one of the most well-known. American sapphires are often lighter in color and are gaining popularity in the domestic market.
In addition to these locations, sapphires are also found in other parts of Asia and Africa, including Cambodia, Tanzania, and Nigeria. The global distribution of sapphire sources highlights the gemstone’s widespread appeal and the ongoing demand for high-quality stones.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are among the hardest and most durable gemstones available, making them ideal for use in jewelry that is worn daily. The following are the key gemological properties of sapphires, as described in the available sources:
Hardness: Sapphires rank a 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, making them second only to diamond. This high hardness means that sapphires are resistant to scratches and can maintain their brilliance over time with proper care.
Refractive Index: The refractive index of sapphires ranges from approximately 1.76 to 1.78. This high refractive index contributes to the gemstone’s luster and brilliance.
Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of sapphires is around 3.95 to 4.05, which is relatively high compared to other gemstones. This density is one of the factors that contribute to the gem’s weight and value.
Chemical Composition: As a variety of corundum, sapphires are composed primarily of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The blue color is due to the presence of trace elements such as titanium and iron.
Color: While blue is the most common and widely recognized color of sapphires, they can occur in a variety of other colors, including violet, purple, green, pink, yellow, orange, and even colorless. These non-blue sapphires are referred to as "fancy sapphires."
Clarity: Sapphires are often found with inclusions, which are natural imperfections that can affect the gemstone’s clarity. These inclusions can range from small mineral crystals to feathers or clouds. In many cases, inclusions are considered a sign of authenticity and can add character to the stone.
Cut: Sapphires are commonly cut into classic shapes such as round, oval, cushion, and emerald cuts. The choice of cut often depends on the shape and size of the rough stone, as well as the desired aesthetic.
Carat Weight: Sapphires can be found in a wide range of sizes, from small accent stones to large centerpieces in fine jewelry. The carat weight of a sapphire is one of the factors that influence its value, along with color, clarity, and origin.
It is worth noting that red corundum is classified as a ruby, not a sapphire. This distinction is based on the presence of chromium, which gives rubies their characteristic red color. All other corundum stones, regardless of color, are considered sapphires.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sapphires have been imbued with symbolic and metaphysical significance throughout history. In addition to their associations with royalty and spirituality, they have been believed to offer protection, enhance wisdom, and promote emotional stability.
In the realm of metaphysics, sapphires are often considered stones of clarity and focus. They are believed to help individuals maintain a sense of calm and rationality, making them particularly useful for those who struggle with anxiety or emotional turbulence. Sapphires are also associated with the third eye chakra, which is believed to govern intuition and spiritual insight.
The gemstone’s connection to communication and prophecy is another notable aspect of its lore. In ancient times, sapphire rings were worn by individuals seeking to communicate with the divine. It was believed that the gemstone could facilitate communication with oracles and enhance the chances of receiving a prophecy. This tradition is reflected in the gemstone’s continued use in spiritual practices and as a symbol of divine connection.
In modern times, sapphires are often associated with wisdom, truth, and sincerity. They are considered stones of nobility and are frequently used in jewelry that is meant to symbolize enduring love and commitment. The gemstone’s role in royal weddings and engagement rings reinforces its symbolism as a representation of enduring bonds and heartfelt promises.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their high hardness and durability, sapphires are relatively easy to care for compared to other gemstones. However, there are a few precautions that should be taken to ensure the longevity and beauty of a sapphire.
Cleaning: Sapphires can be cleaned using a soft cloth and a mild soap solution. A soft-bristled toothbrush can be used to gently scrub away dirt and grime. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can scratch the surface of the gemstone or damage its setting.
Avoiding Heat and Chemicals: Sapphires can be sensitive to high heat and certain chemicals, particularly those found in cleaning agents and industrial solvents. It is advisable to remove sapphire jewelry before using household cleaners or swimming in chlorinated or saltwater.
Storage: To prevent scratches, sapphires should be stored separately from other gemstones, particularly those with lower hardness. A soft pouch or a lined jewelry box is an ideal storage solution.
Professional Inspection: It is recommended to have sapphire jewelry inspected by a professional jeweler at least once a year. This can help identify any loose stones, worn settings, or other issues that may affect the integrity of the piece.
Repair and Resizing: If a sapphire ring needs to be resized, it is important to consult with an experienced jeweler, as not all rings can be resized without compromising the setting or the gemstone itself. Rings with eternity designs or intricate settings may not be resizable at all.
By following these care guidelines, sapphire jewelry can retain its beauty and value for generations.
Conclusion
Sapphire, the birthstone of September, is a gemstone with a rich and storied history that spans centuries. Its deep blue hue, exceptional hardness, and symbolic associations with royalty, wisdom, and divine connection have made it one of the most cherished gemstones in the world. From the ancient Persians who believed the earth rested on a giant sapphire to the modern-day royal engagements that continue to showcase its beauty, the sapphire has remained a symbol of enduring power and elegance.
Geologically, sapphires are formed under specific conditions and are found in a variety of locations around the globe, including Kashmir, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and the United States. Their chemical composition and physical properties make them highly desirable for use in fine jewelry, and their durability ensures that they can be passed down through generations.
The gemstone’s metaphysical and symbolic meanings have also contributed to its enduring appeal. Whether used as a protective talisman, a symbol of love and commitment, or a representation of spiritual insight, sapphires continue to inspire and captivate.
For those who are born in September or who are drawn to the allure of sapphires, this gemstone is more than just a birthstone—it is a testament to the beauty, history, and significance of one of the world’s most beloved gems.