December is a month of celebration and reflection, and its birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz—reflect this duality with their striking colors and rich symbolism. These gemstones, each with its own unique charm, have been cherished for centuries for their beauty, rarity, and the meanings they carry. Whether set in a delicate earring, a bold ring, or a refined watchband, December birthstones are more than just decorative jewels—they are expressions of personal style, cultural heritage, and natural wonder.
This article explores the geological properties, historical significance, and cultural symbolism of December's birthstones, while also examining how they are incorporated into modern jewelry design. From the vibrant blues of turquoise to the ethereal violet tones of tanzanite and the brilliant clarity of blue topaz, these stones capture the essence of winter in their own distinct ways.
History and Lore
The use of gemstones in jewelry and adornment dates back to ancient civilizations, where they were believed to possess protective, healing, and spiritual properties. In the case of December’s birthstones, their history is as rich and varied as their colors.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history stretching back thousands of years. It was highly valued by ancient cultures such as the Egyptians, Persians, and Native Americans. The Egyptians used turquoise in jewelry and amulets to protect against harm and to symbolize good fortune. In ancient Persia, it was known as "stone of the sky" and was believed to bring wisdom and clarity. Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo and Zuni, also revered turquoise for its protective qualities and used it in ceremonial jewelry.
The name "turquoise" comes from the French word turques, meaning "Turkish," as the stone was historically imported to Europe through Turkey. It was often associated with the divine and was thought to be a bridge between the earthly and the spiritual realms.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is the most recent of the three December birthstones to be discovered. It was first found in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, a country in East Africa. The gemstone was named after Tanzania, the only place in the world where it is found. Tanzanite's discovery was relatively recent, but it has quickly become a favorite among jewelers and gemstone collectors due to its vivid violet-blue color and exceptional clarity.
Before its discovery, tanzanite was unknown to the gemological world. Its first commercial use came in 1968, and it was quickly embraced by the jewelry industry. The stone is often associated with transformation and spiritual awakening, reflecting its unique journey from obscurity to global recognition.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz, the third of December’s birthstones, has a longer history than tanzanite but is still relatively modern in terms of its popularity. Natural blue topaz is rare, and most of the blue topaz available in the market today is created through irradiation and heat treatment. The process of enhancing topaz to achieve its beautiful blue hue was developed in the 1980s, and it has since become a popular choice for jewelry.
Topaz has been known and used for centuries in various cultures. The ancient Greeks believed that topaz gave strength and courage to those who wore it, and it was also thought to have healing properties. The name "topaz" comes from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning fire, referring to the gemstone’s original golden color. The transformation to blue topaz through modern techniques has made it a symbol of clarity, calm, and emotional balance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones has a unique geological origin and formation process, contributing to its rarity and allure.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits, where water percolates through the rock and deposits copper and aluminum ions. Over time, these minerals combine with phosphate and water to form turquoise. The presence of impurities such as iron and aluminum gives turquoise its characteristic blue and green hues.
Turquoise is found in arid regions around the world, including the southwestern United States, China, Iran, Egypt, and Mexico. The most prized turquoise historically came from the Sinai Peninsula and the American Southwest, particularly Arizona and Nevada. Today, turquoise is often treated with dyes or resins to enhance its color and stability, especially for use in jewelry.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite, a calcium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH). Its unique violet-blue color is due to the presence of vanadium, which is a trace element. Tanzanite forms under high-pressure, low-temperature conditions in metamorphic rock. The Merelani Hills in Tanzania, where tanzanite is found, are known for their complex geological history, which includes the collision of tectonic plates.
Tanzanite is only found in one location in the world—Tanzania—making it extremely rare. It is estimated that the tanzanite deposits will be depleted within the next 50 years, which has contributed to its increasing value and desirability. Due to its limited supply and stunning color, tanzanite is considered a collector’s gemstone.
Blue Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It forms in igneous rocks and is often found in granite and pegmatite deposits. Blue topaz is created through a process that involves irradiating and heating yellow or brown topaz. This treatment alters the crystal structure and causes the stone to take on a blue color. The most popular shades of blue topaz are known as London Blue and Swiss Blue.
Blue topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Nigeria, Mexico, and the United States. Brazil is the largest producer of topaz, and much of the blue topaz on the market today comes from this country. The treatment process for blue topaz is well-established and widely accepted in the jewelry industry, making it a more accessible and affordable option compared to other blue gemstones like sapphires or tanzanite.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and optical properties of December’s birthstones is essential for appreciating their beauty and durability.
Turquoise
- Color: Ranges from blue to green, with veins or patterns of brown, black, or white called "matrix."
- Clarity: Typically opaque or translucent.
- Hardness: 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Waxy to greasy.
- Specific Gravity: 2.6 to 2.8.
- Refractive Index: 1.61 to 1.65.
Turquoise is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, which makes it prone to scratches and damage. It is also sensitive to heat and chemicals, so it requires careful handling and cleaning. The presence of matrix patterns adds to its uniqueness and can affect the stone’s value and desirability.
Tanzanite
- Color: Violet-blue to purple-blue, with a trichroic nature (it shows three different colors when viewed from different angles).
- Clarity: Typically included but can be eye-clean.
- Hardness: 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Specific Gravity: 3.1 to 3.5.
- Refractive Index: 1.69 to 1.70.
Tanzanite is relatively hard but can be brittle, so it should be protected from impacts and sharp blows. Its trichroism is a unique feature that adds to its visual appeal. Tanzanite is often cut in cushion or oval shapes to enhance its color and brilliance. It is also heat-sensitive, so it should be cleaned with care.
Blue Topaz
- Color: Blue, with popular shades including London Blue (deep blue), Swiss Blue (light blue), and Sky Blue.
- Clarity: Typically very clean, with few inclusions.
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale.
- Luster: Vitreous.
- Specific Gravity: 3.5 to 3.6.
- Refractive Index: 1.62 to 1.64.
Blue topaz is one of the hardest and most durable of the December birthstones. Its high hardness makes it ideal for everyday wear in jewelry, and its clarity and brilliance make it a popular choice for rings, earrings, and pendants. The treatment process that creates its blue color is stable and long-lasting, ensuring that the stone maintains its beauty over time.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
In addition to their physical properties, December’s birthstones are associated with various symbolic and metaphysical beliefs that have been passed down through generations.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection and good fortune. It is believed to bring peace, clarity, and emotional stability to those who wear it. In ancient times, it was used to ward off evil spirits and to promote health and longevity. Some cultures also associate turquoise with love and friendship, making it a meaningful gift for those who share a close bond.
In modern times, turquoise is still considered a stone of protection, particularly for travelers and those who work in high-stress environments. It is also believed to enhance communication and self-expression, making it a popular choice for those who seek to improve their interpersonal skills.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals connect with their higher selves and to enhance their understanding of the world around them. Some metaphysical practitioners use tanzanite to promote emotional healing and to release negative emotions such as fear and anxiety.
Due to its limited supply and the fact that it is only found in one place on Earth, tanzanite is also seen as a symbol of uniqueness and individuality. It is often given as a gift to celebrate personal milestones or to encourage someone to embrace their true self.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, wisdom, and clarity of thought. It is believed to help individuals overcome anxiety and to promote a sense of peace and tranquility. Some people also use blue topaz to enhance their ability to focus and to make better decisions.
In addition to its calming properties, blue topaz is also thought to attract love and friendship. It is often given as a gift to express affection and to strengthen relationships. Due to its bright blue color and its association with the winter season, it is also considered a symbol of hope and renewal.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has specific requirements for cleaning and maintenance, and it is important to follow these guidelines to avoid damage.
Turquoise
Turquoise should be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and warm, soapy water. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steamers, as these can cause the stone to lose its color or become brittle. It is also important to avoid exposing turquoise to high temperatures, as this can cause it to dry out and crack.
Turquoise jewelry should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches and abrasions. It is also a good idea to avoid wearing turquoise jewelry when swimming, showering, or using household cleaners, as these can cause the stone to become dull or discolored.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite can be cleaned with a soft cloth and warm, soapy water. It should not be exposed to ultrasonic or steam cleaning, as this can cause the stone to crack or become discolored. Tanzanite is also sensitive to heat, so it should be kept away from direct sunlight or heat sources.
Tanzanite jewelry should be stored in a soft pouch or a jewelry box to prevent scratches. It is also important to avoid wearing tanzanite jewelry when engaging in activities that could cause it to be struck or dropped, as this can lead to chipping or breaking.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the easiest December birthstones to clean and maintain. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth, warm, soapy water, or an ultrasonic cleaner. It is also resistant to heat and chemicals, making it a durable choice for everyday wear.
Blue topaz jewelry can be stored with other gemstones, but it is still a good idea to keep it in a soft pouch or jewelry box to prevent scratches. It is also important to avoid exposing blue topaz to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals, as this can affect its color and clarity over time.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and blue topaz—offer a stunning array of colors, meanings, and properties that make them unique and valuable additions to any jewelry collection. Each gemstone has its own history, geological origin, and cultural significance, reflecting the diversity and richness of the natural world.
From the protective and calming properties of turquoise to the transformative and intuitive qualities of tanzanite, and the clarity and wisdom of blue topaz, these stones have been cherished for centuries for their beauty and symbolism. Whether worn as a ring, a necklace, or a watchband, December’s birthstones are more than just adornments—they are expressions of personal style, cultural heritage, and natural wonder.
As December continues to be celebrated as a month of giving, love, and new beginnings, its birthstones serve as reminders of the enduring power of gemstones to inspire, heal, and connect us to the world around us.