July is a month rich with symbolism and vibrant energy, and it is no surprise that the birthstone assigned to this month reflects the same intensity. The ruby, a gemstone of deep red brilliance, is the primary birthstone for July. Known as the "king of precious stones," ruby has captivated cultures and individuals for centuries with its rarity, beauty, and historical significance. While the ruby is the most prominent July birthstone, the month also includes the enigmatic onyx as a secondary birthstone, and in some traditions, alternative stones such as carnelian, citrine, and garnet are considered. However, the ruby remains the most recognized and revered of these gems.
This article will explore the ruby in detail, covering its historical significance, geological formation, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and practical care. As a gemstone that has been cherished for millennia, ruby holds a unique place in both the world of jewelry and the broader cultural imagination. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this in-depth look at the July birthstone will offer a comprehensive understanding of ruby’s enduring appeal.
History and Lore
The ruby has a long and storied history, one that spans across cultures, centuries, and continents. Known as ratan in Sanskrit, meaning "king of precious stones," the ruby has been a symbol of power, vitality, and protection for millennia. In ancient India, it was believed that the ruby could ward off evil and bring prosperity to its owner. Burmese warriors would wear rubies in battle, believing that the gemstone made them invincible. In medieval Europe, rubies were thought to bring health, wisdom, and success in love, and were often worn by nobility as symbols of status and authority.
The ruby's association with royalty and the divine is not surprising given its intense color and rarity. In ancient Hindu tradition, rubies were offered to the god Krishna in hopes of being reincarnated as an emperor. This reverence for the ruby as a divine object underscores its historical significance beyond mere adornment. In many cultures, the ruby was believed to have mystical properties, including the ability to predict danger or misfortune and to heal blood-related ailments. While these beliefs may not be scientifically validated, they reflect the deep cultural and spiritual connections that people have formed with the gemstone over time.
The ruby's journey to becoming the July birthstone is also rooted in historical tradition. The concept of assigning gemstones to specific months is believed to have originated from the twelve gemstones on the Breastplate of Aaron, as described in the Bible. Over time, these associations evolved, and by the early 20th century, a standardized list of birthstones was established. In 1912, the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now known as Jewelers of America) officially designated ruby as the July birthstone, a position it has held ever since. This designation was later reinforced in the 1950s, when the list was updated to include modern birthstones, ensuring ruby's place as the premier July gemstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
The ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). What distinguishes ruby from other corundum varieties, such as sapphire, is the presence of trace amounts of the element chromium, which imparts the characteristic red color. The more chromium present, the deeper and more intense the red hue. The finest rubies, known as "pigeon’s blood" rubies, exhibit a deep red color with a subtle hint of purple, a quality highly prized in the gemstone trade.
Rubies form under intense geological conditions, typically in metamorphic rocks that have been subjected to high pressure and temperature. These conditions are most commonly found in regions with a history of tectonic activity, such as the Himalayas, where many of the world’s most famous rubies have been discovered. The primary sources of high-quality rubies include:
- Myanmar (Burma): Myanmar is perhaps the most renowned source of rubies, particularly those with the coveted "pigeon’s blood" color. The Mogok region has long been a major center for ruby mining, and the gemstones from this area are highly sought after for their exceptional color and clarity.
- Thailand: Thailand has a long history of ruby trade and processing. While the country itself is not a major producer of rough rubies, it has historically been a key market for ruby cutting and polishing, with many of the finest Burmese rubies passing through Thai workshops.
- Sri Lanka: Known as Ceylon in earlier centuries, Sri Lanka is a significant source of rubies with a slightly different color profile. Sri Lankan rubies often have a more orangish-red hue compared to the deep red of Burmese rubies.
- Vietnam: In recent decades, Vietnam has emerged as a new source of high-quality rubies, particularly from the Luc Yen region. These rubies are often compared to Burmese stones in terms of color and clarity.
- India and Tanzania: India and Tanzania also have ruby deposits, though these are generally less significant in terms of quality and quantity compared to the primary sources.
The formation of rubies is a complex process that involves the interaction of various geological factors, including the presence of chromium, the type of host rock, and the conditions under which the stone is formed. Due to the rarity of these conditions, high-quality rubies are among the most valuable gemstones in the world. The demand for ruby is driven not only by its aesthetic appeal but also by its historical and cultural significance.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of ruby is essential for anyone interested in this remarkable stone. As a variety of corundum, ruby is one of the hardest natural gemstones, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This high hardness makes it ideal for use in jewelry, as it is resistant to scratches and can maintain its brilliance over time. However, ruby does have a cleavage plane, which means that it can be chipped or fractured if struck at the right angle. Care should be taken when handling ruby jewelry, particularly when setting or resizing rings.
One of the most defining characteristics of ruby is its color, which is primarily due to the presence of chromium. The finest rubies exhibit a deep red color with a slight purplish tone, a feature known as "pigeon’s blood." This term refers to the specific hue and saturation that is considered the most desirable in ruby. The color of ruby can vary depending on the concentration of chromium and the presence of other trace elements, such as iron. Some rubies may exhibit a more orangish-red or pinkish-red tone, depending on the geological conditions in which they formed.
In terms of clarity, ruby can range from eye-clean to having visible inclusions. Inclusions are natural features that form within the gemstone during its growth and can include mineral crystals, feathers, or other structural characteristics. While inclusions can affect the appearance and value of a ruby, they are often considered a part of the stone’s character. In some cases, unique inclusions can even be used to identify the origin of a ruby, as certain inclusions are associated with specific sources.
The refractive index of ruby is another important gemological property. Ruby has a refractive index of approximately 1.76–1.78, which means that it bends light in a way that enhances its brilliance and fire. The dispersion of ruby, or its ability to separate white light into spectral colors, is relatively low compared to other gemstones like diamond. However, the intense red color of ruby gives it a unique and captivating appearance that is highly prized.
When it comes to carat weight, ruby can be found in a wide range of sizes, from small melee stones to large, impressive specimens. However, large, high-quality rubies are extremely rare, which contributes to their high value. The pricing of ruby is influenced by several factors, including color, clarity, cut, and carat weight. A well-cut ruby that displays the ideal "pigeon’s blood" color can command a very high price, particularly if it is large and of fine quality.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, ruby has been associated with a wide range of symbolic and metaphysical beliefs. In many cultures, the ruby is seen as a stone of vitality, courage, and protection. Its deep red color is often linked to the life force and passion, making it a powerful symbol of energy and emotion. In ancient times, rubies were believed to have the power to protect the wearer from harm and to bring good fortune. Some cultures even believed that rubies could predict danger or misfortune, making them a popular choice for warriors and leaders.
In medieval Europe, ruby was associated with wisdom, health, and success in love. It was often worn by nobility as a symbol of status and authority. The gemstone was also believed to have healing properties, particularly for blood-related ailments. Some sources suggest that rubies were used in traditional medicine to treat conditions such as inflammation and anemia. While these beliefs may not be supported by modern science, they reflect the deep cultural significance of ruby across different eras.
In addition to its historical symbolism, ruby is also associated with several modern metaphysical beliefs. It is considered a stone of passion and love, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other romantic jewelry. Ruby is also believed to enhance confidence and self-esteem, helping the wearer to feel more empowered and assertive. Some practitioners of crystal healing use ruby to stimulate the heart and circulatory system, promoting vitality and emotional well-being.
The ruby’s association with the sun and the zodiac sign Leo further reinforces its connection to power and confidence. In astrology, ruby is often linked to the solar plexus chakra, which governs personal power, self-worth, and motivation. Wearing ruby is believed to help individuals tap into their inner strength and express their true selves with greater confidence.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of ruby jewelry. While ruby is a hard gemstone that is resistant to scratches, it can still be damaged if not handled with care. Due to its cleavage plane, ruby should be protected from impacts that could cause chipping or fracturing. When cleaning ruby jewelry, it is important to use gentle methods that will not damage the stone or its setting.
A simple and effective way to clean ruby jewelry is to use a mild soap and warm water. A soft brush, such as a toothbrush, can be used to gently scrub the gemstone and its setting. After cleaning, the jewelry should be rinsed thoroughly with clean water and dried with a soft, lint-free cloth. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can scratch or damage the surface of the gemstone.
Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for ruby, provided that the stone is free of inclusions that could be damaged by the vibrations. However, if a ruby has a cleavage plane or is set in a delicate setting, it is best to avoid using an ultrasonic cleaner. Steam cleaners should also be used with caution, as the heat can potentially damage the gemstone or its setting.
When storing ruby jewelry, it is best to keep it in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box to prevent scratches and impacts. Ruby should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid any potential damage from harder stones. Avoid exposing ruby to extreme temperatures or sudden changes in temperature, as this can cause thermal shock and lead to fractures.
When wearing ruby jewelry, it is important to avoid activities that could expose the gemstone to impact or abrasion. For example, it is advisable to remove ruby jewelry before engaging in physical activities or household chores that could result in damage. Additionally, ruby should be kept away from acidic or caustic substances, which can dull its brilliance and affect its appearance over time.
Conclusion
The ruby is a gemstone of extraordinary beauty, historical significance, and cultural richness. As the July birthstone, it represents passion, vitality, and strength, making it a fitting symbol for those born in this vibrant month. Its deep red color, derived from the element chromium, is one of the most captivating features of the gemstone, and its association with royalty, power, and protection has endured across centuries and cultures. From its origins in the geological processes that form it to its role in jewelry and metaphysical traditions, the ruby continues to captivate and inspire.
Whether you are considering ruby for a piece of jewelry or simply fascinated by its history and properties, this gemstone offers a wealth of knowledge and beauty to explore. Its gemological characteristics, including its hardness, refractive index, and color, make it a prized possession for collectors and jewelers alike. The ruby's rich symbolism and enduring appeal ensure that it remains one of the most beloved and sought-after gemstones in the world. For those born in July, the ruby is not just a birthstone—it is a symbol of the month’s energy, passion, and strength.