December, the final month of the year, is symbolized by a trio of blue-hued gemstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. These stones not only reflect the cool hues of winter but also carry rich histories, cultural significance, and distinct gemological properties. Each has its own allure, whether in color, rarity, or meaning, making December a month with one of the most diverse and fascinating birthstone lineups.
For those born in December, these stones offer a choice between ancient tradition, rare modern discovery, and affordable brilliance. Each gemstone is unique in its properties and symbolism, yet they all share a common thread—blue, the color of serenity, wisdom, and spiritual depth.
This article delves into the history, geological formation, gemological characteristics, and cultural symbolism of each December birthstone, supported by authoritative sources. Practical care tips for each gem are also included, ensuring that collectors and jewelry enthusiasts can preserve the beauty of these stones for generations.
History and Lore
Turquoise – The Oldest of the Trio
Turquoise is the oldest and most historically significant of the December birthstones. Its use dates back thousands of years, with archaeological evidence of turquoise being utilized in ancient Egypt, Persia, and the Americas. In ancient Egypt, turquoise was used to inlay the masks of pharaohs and was considered a protective and healing stone. In Persian culture, it was believed to bring good fortune and was often set into royal regalia.
The gemstone’s name comes from the French word turquoise, meaning “Turkish,” as it was once believed that the best turquoise came from the Ottoman Empire. However, the finest quality turquoise, known as Persian turquoise, actually originates from the ancient mines in Iran. Persian turquoise is highly prized for its even, vibrant blue color and minimal matrix (the dark webbing that can appear in turquoise).
In North America, Native American tribes such as the Navajo and Zuni have long revered turquoise for its protective and spiritual properties. It was often used in jewelry and ceremonial objects, believed to connect the wearer with the divine.
Tanzanite – The Modern Rarity
Tanzanite is the youngest of the three December birthstones, having been discovered in 1967 in Tanzania—hence its name. The gemstone was found in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in the Merelani Hills. Unlike the ancient and widespread turquoise, tanzanite is a modern gemstone that quickly gained international acclaim due to its striking violet-blue color and rarity.
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, and its trichroic nature allows it to appear in different colors—blue, purple, and brown—depending on the angle of light. This property makes it visually dynamic and unique. It was officially added to the birthstone calendar in the 1970s, making it one of the few birthstones with a modern origin.
Due to its limited geographic source, tanzanite is considered one of the rarest gemstones in the world. Its value is further enhanced by its deep, saturated color and the fact that it is found only in a small region of Tanzania. Unlike turquoise, which has been cherished for millennia, tanzanite’s story is a relatively recent one, symbolizing the intersection of modern gemology and natural rarity.
Zircon – The Sparkling Alternative
Zircon is another gemstone associated with December, though it is less commonly recognized as one of the primary birthstones. Blue zircon, in particular, is highly valued for its brilliance and fire, which can rival that of diamonds. Unlike tanzanite and turquoise, zircon is not typically associated with December in the same way, but it is sometimes used as an alternative or additional option for December-born individuals.
Zircon has a long history of use in jewelry, though it was often confused with other stones such as cubic zirconia or diamonds. With advances in gemology, however, zircon has gained recognition for its own unique beauty and properties. Its high refractive index and dispersion make it a popular choice for those seeking a sparkly gemstone at a more affordable price point.
Zircon is also one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. This makes it not only a beautiful gemstone but also a piece of geological history. While it is not as rare as tanzanite, zircon is still considered a special gemstone due to its brilliance and historical significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise: Earth’s Blue Treasure
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(OH)₃PO₄·4(H₂O). It forms in the oxidation zone of copper deposits, typically in arid environments where water is scarce. The presence of copper gives turquoise its characteristic blue or green-blue color, while iron content can result in a greenish tint. The distinctive matrix patterns in turquoise are caused by the presence of other minerals, such as quartz, calcite, or iron oxides.
The most renowned sources of turquoise are located in Iran, the United States, and China. Persian turquoise, as mentioned earlier, is sourced from the ancient mines of Iran and is known for its pure blue color and minimal matrix. In the United States, turquoise is primarily found in the southwestern states, with Arizona being a major source. The Sleeping Beauty Mine in Arizona was a significant producer of high-quality turquoise before it closed in 2015.
Turquoise is typically found in low-grade metamorphic or sedimentary rocks, and its formation requires a unique combination of geological and environmental conditions. This makes it a relatively rare gemstone, especially in high-quality, unmatrixed forms.
Tanzanite: A One-of-a-Kind Discovery
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone in the world of jewelry, first discovered in 1967 by a Tanzanian miner named Manuel de Souza. It was later marketed by the British gemologist Charles Leith, who played a key role in introducing tanzanite to the international market. The gemstone is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, making it one of the rarest and most geographically limited gemstones in the world.
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite, a calcium aluminum silicate mineral. Its trichroism—its ability to display three different colors depending on the angle of light—is a result of the presence of vanadium and iron in its crystal structure. The deep violet-blue color that is most commonly associated with tanzanite is achieved through heat treatment, which enhances its natural color.
The limited geographic source of tanzanite contributes to its rarity and value. Unlike turquoise, which can be found in several countries, tanzanite is found only in a small area of Tanzania. This exclusivity has made it a highly sought-after gemstone, particularly among collectors and jewelry enthusiasts.
Zircon: A Gemstone with Ancient Origins
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals found in Australia dating back over 4 billion years. This makes zircon not only a beautiful gemstone but also a piece of geological history.
Zircon is found in various colors, including blue, yellow, brown, red, and green. Blue zircon, in particular, is highly valued for its brilliance and fire. The blue color is achieved through heat treatment, which removes impurities and enhances the gemstone’s natural beauty.
Zircon is found in several parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, and Madagascar. Unlike tanzanite, which is limited to a single country, zircon is more widely available, though high-quality blue zircon is still relatively rare.
Zircon is also known for its durability and resistance to weathering, which makes it a popular choice for jewelry. Its high refractive index and dispersion give it a fiery, diamond-like sparkle, making it a desirable alternative to diamonds for those seeking a more affordable option.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Chemical Formula | Refractive Index | Transparency | Rarity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Sky blue to green-blue | 5–6 | Al₂(OH)₃PO₄·4(H₂O) | 1.61–1.65 | Opaque to semi-transparent | Moderate |
| Tanzanite | Violet-blue to purple | 6–7 | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 1.69–1.70 | Transparent | High |
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, brown, red | 6.5–7.5 | ZrSiO₄ | 1.92–2.01 | Transparent | Moderate to high |
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. Its opacity to semi-transparency and the presence of matrix patterns make it distinct from most other gemstones. Due to its softness and sensitivity to chemicals, it requires careful handling and cleaning.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale, making it somewhat durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage. Its trichroism and deep violet-blue color make it a visually striking gemstone. Tanzanite is also sensitive to heat and chemicals, so it should be cleaned and stored carefully to avoid damage.
Zircon
Zircon has a hardness of 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the harder and more durable December birthstones. Its high refractive index and dispersion give it a brilliant, fiery appearance that rivals diamonds. Zircon is also resistant to weathering and can retain its luster for many years with proper care.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise – Protection and Healing
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and spiritual connection. In ancient cultures, it was believed to ward off evil spirits and bring good fortune. In Native American traditions, turquoise was used in ceremonies and jewelry as a protective stone. It was also believed to have healing properties and was used in treatments for various ailments.
In modern times, turquoise is often associated with emotional balance and calm. It is believed to help reduce stress and promote clarity of thought. As a December birthstone, it is particularly valued for its ability to bring peace and harmony during the winter season.
Tanzanite – Transformation and Spiritual Awareness
Tanzanite is often associated with transformation and spiritual growth. Its deep violet-blue color is believed to stimulate the third eye and crown chakras, enhancing intuition and spiritual awareness. It is also thought to help with emotional healing and release, making it a valuable stone for those undergoing personal or emotional changes.
Due to its rarity and unique properties, tanzanite is often seen as a gemstone of opportunity and new beginnings. It is believed to encourage the wearer to embrace change and to see the world from a new perspective.
Zircon – Clarity and Wisdom
Zircon is associated with clarity, wisdom, and balance. In ancient times, it was believed to bring good fortune and protect against negative energies. In modern metaphysical beliefs, zircon is often used to enhance mental clarity and promote emotional stability.
Blue zircon, in particular, is believed to have a calming effect on the mind and emotions. It is often used to help with decision-making and to promote a sense of inner peace. As a December birthstone, it is valued for its ability to bring clarity and focus during the holiday season.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone, so it requires gentle care. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Turquoise is also sensitive to chemicals, oils, and sunlight, so it should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct light.
To preserve its color and luster, turquoise should be kept away from harsh chemicals, such as perfumes, lotions, and household cleaners. It is also advisable to store turquoise jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is somewhat harder than turquoise but is still sensitive to heat and chemicals. It should be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can cause damage. Tanzanite should also be kept away from sudden temperature changes, which can cause it to crack or fracture.
To maintain its color and brilliance, tanzanite should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. It should also be kept away from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Due to its trichroism, it is best to rotate tanzanite jewelry occasionally to ensure even exposure to light.
Zircon
Zircon is one of the more durable December birthstones, with a hardness of 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can be used, but they should be used with caution to avoid damaging the setting or any surrounding gemstones.
Zircon is relatively resistant to heat and chemicals, making it easier to care for than turquoise or tanzanite. However, it should still be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prevent any potential fading or damage.
To keep zircon looking its best, it is advisable to clean it regularly and store it separately from other gemstones. Its brilliance and fire can be maintained with proper care and handling.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon—represent a unique and diverse selection of gemstones that reflect the cool tones of winter and the rich history of gemology. Each stone has its own distinct characteristics, from the ancient tradition of turquoise to the rare beauty of tanzanite and the brilliant sparkle of zircon.
Turquoise, with its deep blue hues and historical significance, has been cherished for thousands of years across cultures and continents. Tanzanite, a modern discovery with a rare and striking violet-blue color, symbolizes transformation and spiritual awareness. Zircon, with its high brilliance and fire, offers a sparkling alternative to diamonds and has a long history in both jewelry and geological science.
For those born in December, these gemstones offer a choice between tradition, rarity, and brilliance. Whether worn as jewelry or collected for their beauty and meaning, these stones serve as a lasting symbol of the month and its unique qualities.