August is a month uniquely blessed with not one, but three official birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. These gems offer a rich tapestry of color, history, and symbolism, each with its own distinct story and appeal. From the vibrant green of peridot to the fiery red of spinel and the banded elegance of sardonyx, August’s birthstones reflect the diversity and depth of gemstone lore and appreciation.
This article delves into the historical, geological, and cultural significance of these three gemstones. It explores their origins, properties, and the roles they have played in human history and modern gemology. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this comprehensive guide will provide valuable insight into the August birthstones.
Introduction
The birthstones for August—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each carry a unique set of characteristics and meanings. Peridot, the most widely recognized of the three, is celebrated for its bright green color and is considered a symbol of peace and prosperity. Spinel, a gem often mistaken for ruby, has gained recognition in recent decades for its vibrant colors and durability. Sardonyx, with its banded patterns of sard and onyx, has a long history as a talisman and protective stone.
These three gems reflect the evolving nature of birthstone traditions, which have expanded over time to include more varieties and accommodate changing tastes and availability. The modern list of August birthstones was updated in 1912 and further expanded in 2016 to include spinel, a gemstone with a rich but underappreciated history.
This article will explore the historical and cultural significance of each gemstone, their geological properties, and their symbolism. It will also provide guidance on how to care for these stones, ensuring their beauty and value are preserved for generations.
History and Lore
Sardonyx: The Original August Birthstone
Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the original August birthstone, with a history that dates back over 4,000 years. It is a banded variety of chalcedony, composed of sard (a reddish-brown form of quartz) and onyx (a black or white form of quartz). The alternating bands create a striking contrast that has made sardonyx a popular material for engraved gemstones and seals.
In ancient times, sardonyx was believed to offer protection and strength. It was particularly favored by warriors and leaders, who wore it as a talisman to ward off danger and ensure victory in battle. The ancient Greeks and Romans held sardonyx in high regard, using it to create intricate carvings and amulets. In medieval Europe, it was considered a symbol of courage and was often used in jewelry and ceremonial objects.
Sardonyx remained the sole August birthstone until 1912, when the National Association of Jewelers, now known as Jewelers of America, expanded the list of birthstones. Despite this change, sardonyx retained its historical significance and continues to be cherished for its durability and symbolism.
Peridot: The "Gem of the Sun"
Peridot, known for its vibrant green color, has a long and fascinating history. It is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine and is one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color—green. The shade of peridot can range from a bright yellow-green to a deeper olive green, depending on the amount of iron in the stone.
Peridot has been found in archaeological sites dating back to ancient Egypt and the Roman Empire. It was often confused with emeralds and topaz due to its similar green color and was sometimes referred to as "the emerald of the poor." In medieval Europe, peridot was used to adorn religious relics and was believed to have protective qualities. One notable example is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, which contains peridot gems that were once thought to be emeralds.
The name "peridot" is derived from the Arabic word "faridat," meaning "gem." Peridot was officially recognized as an August birthstone in 1912 and has since become the most popular of the three. It is associated with positive qualities such as peace, prosperity, and healing. In some cultures, peridot is believed to ward off nightmares and bring good luck.
Spinel: The Recently Recognized August Birthstone
Spinel is the youngest addition to the August birthstone lineup, having been officially recognized in 2016. It is a gemstone that has often been mistaken for ruby and other red gemstones due to its similar appearance. Spinel comes in a wide range of colors, including vivid red, pink, orange, blue, and black.
The most famous example of a misidentified spinel is the "Black Prince’s Ruby," a red gemstone set in the crown of the British monarch. For centuries, it was believed to be a ruby, but modern analysis has confirmed it is, in fact, a large spinel. This misidentification highlights the challenges of gemstone identification in earlier centuries and the importance of scientific advancements in gemology.
Spinel is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. It is also known for its brilliance and clarity. With its recent inclusion in the August birthstone list, spinel has gained more recognition and appreciation for its beauty and versatility.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot
Peridot is a gem-quality form of the mineral olivine, a silicate mineral that forms in the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It can also be found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones that originate from outer space.
Peridot is typically found in areas with volcanic activity, such as the islands of Zabargad in the Red Sea, the United States (particularly in Arizona and New Mexico), and various locations in Africa and South America. The presence of iron in peridot gives it its characteristic green color, with the intensity of the color depending on the concentration of iron in the stone.
Due to its formation process, peridot is relatively abundant compared to other gemstones, which contributes to its affordability and widespread use in jewelry.
Spinels
Spinel is a mineral that forms in igneous rocks, particularly in basalt and other volcanic rocks. It is found in several countries around the world, including Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Tanzania. Red spinels, in particular, are highly valued for their vibrant color and clarity.
Spinel is composed of magnesium aluminum oxide and can contain trace elements that influence its color. The red color in spinel is caused by the presence of chromium or iron, while other colors result from different combinations of elements. Spinel is known for its hardness and durability, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry applications.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline quartz that forms in sedimentary and volcanic rocks. It is composed of alternating layers of sard and onyx, which create the distinctive banded pattern for which it is known.
Sardonyx is found in several parts of the world, including India, Brazil, and the United States. It is particularly abundant in regions with quartz-rich geological formations. The banded pattern of sardonyx makes it ideal for carving and engraving, and it has been used for seals, amulets, and other decorative objects throughout history.
Gemological Properties
Peridot
- Chemical Composition: (Mg, Fe)₂(SiO₄)
- Color: Yellow-green to olive green
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.65–1.69
- Specific Gravity: 3.30–3.40
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Luster: Vitreous
- Cleavage: Poor, but can have conchoidal fracture
- Inclusions: Common, including small crystals and fractures
Peridot is known for its vibrant color and unique properties. It is relatively soft compared to other gemstones, so it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. Its refractive index contributes to its brilliance and luster, making it an attractive choice for jewelry.
Spinels
- Chemical Composition: MgAl₂O₄
- Color: Red, pink, orange, blue, black
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.718
- Specific Gravity: 3.6–4.0
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Luster: Vitreous
- Cleavage: None
- Inclusions: Rare, but can occur
Spinel is a durable gemstone with a high refractive index, which gives it excellent brilliance. Its hardness makes it suitable for everyday wear, and its clarity and color make it a popular choice for rings and pendants.
Sardonyx
- Chemical Composition: SiO₂ (quartz)
- Color: Reddish-brown and white or black bands
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale
- Refractive Index: 1.48–1.53
- Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64
- Transparency: Opaque to translucent
- Luster: Waxy to dull
- Cleavage: None
- Inclusions: Rare
Sardonyx is a durable stone with a banded pattern that is ideal for carving. Its hardness makes it suitable for a variety of jewelry applications, and its opaque nature allows for intricate engravings and carvings.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot
Peridot is associated with positive qualities such as peace, prosperity, and healing. It is believed to bring good luck and is often used in jewelry as a symbol of good fortune. In some cultures, peridot is thought to ward off nightmares and bring clarity of mind.
In ancient times, peridot was considered a protective stone, and it was used in amulets and talismans to ensure safety and success. It is also believed to have healing properties and is used in crystal healing to promote emotional balance and well-being.
Spinels
Spinel is often associated with passion and vitality. Red spinel, in particular, is believed to enhance energy and courage. It is also thought to promote emotional stability and balance.
In some traditions, spinel is considered a stone of strength and resilience. It is believed to help individuals overcome challenges and maintain a positive outlook. Spinels are also thought to enhance communication and foster deep connections in relationships.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has long been associated with protection and strength. It is considered a powerful talisman that can help individuals overcome adversity and maintain focus. In ancient times, it was believed to provide protection from harm and was often worn by warriors and leaders.
Sardonyx is also associated with discipline and self-control. It is believed to help individuals stay grounded and focused, making it a popular stone for those seeking balance and stability in their lives. It is also thought to enhance confidence and promote success.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot
Due to its relatively low hardness (6.5–7 on the Mohs scale), peridot requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft brush to remove dirt and debris. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe, but steam cleaning is not recommended.
Peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be protected from extreme heat and direct sunlight, as prolonged exposure can cause fading.
Spinels
Spinels are more durable than peridots, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. They can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for spinels, but it is always best to consult a professional for valuable pieces.
Spinels should be stored in a dry place to avoid moisture damage. They can be worn daily, but it is advisable to remove them during activities that could cause impact or abrasion.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale. It can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft brush to remove dirt and debris. Steam and ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for sardonyx, but it is always best to test on a small area first.
Sardonyx should be stored in a dry place to prevent moisture damage. It is suitable for daily wear and is ideal for engraved jewelry and decorative objects.
Conclusion
August is a month uniquely blessed with three official birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each of these gemstones carries its own history, symbolism, and beauty, reflecting the diversity and richness of gemstone traditions. Peridot, with its vibrant green color, is a symbol of peace and prosperity. Spinel, with its brilliance and durability, has gained recognition for its versatility and beauty. Sardonyx, with its banded pattern and protective qualities, has a long history as a talisman and amulet.
These gemstones not only offer a wide range of colors and styles but also provide a connection to the past and a celebration of individuality. Whether you choose peridot for its positive energy, spinel for its vibrant colors, or sardonyx for its historical significance, you are embracing a tradition that has spanned centuries. The inclusion of these three gems in the August birthstone list reflects the evolving nature of gemstone appreciation and the importance of providing a variety of options for those born in this month.
For those who are born in August, these gemstones offer a way to celebrate their birth month with elegance, strength, and personal meaning. Whether worn as jewelry, displayed as collectibles, or used in crystal healing, these stones continue to inspire and captivate, reminding us of the enduring beauty and significance of gemstones.