For those born in August, the selection of birthstones is not limited to a single gemstone but includes three distinctive and historically rich options: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. Each of these gemstones carries a unique combination of color, symbolism, and geological origin, offering a diverse array of choices that reflect the spirit of summer. This article explores the individual characteristics of each August birthstone, tracing their historical significance, gemological properties, and their roles in both ancient and modern contexts.
Introduction
August is unique among the months of the year in that it is associated with not one, but three birthstones—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. This distinction arose from the development of modern gemology and the growing appreciation for the diversity of gemstones. The inclusion of these three stones provides individuals born in August with a wide range of aesthetic and symbolic choices, each with its own story and allure. The tradition of assigning gemstones to months of the year dates back to ancient times, with the earliest references found in biblical texts. Over the centuries, the list has evolved, and today, August’s selection reflects both practical and symbolic considerations.
This article will delve into the history, properties, and cultural significance of each of these three gemstones, offering a comprehensive look at why August is one of the most celebrated months in the world of birthstones.
History and Lore
Sardonyx: The Oldest of the Three
Sardonyx is the oldest of the three August birthstones, with a documented history that dates back more than 4,000 years. It was highly valued in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where it was used to make seals, amulets, and other adornments. The stone’s banded appearance—alternating layers of sard and onyx—was believed to symbolize strength, protection, and clarity of thought.
In ancient times, sardonyx was often carved into intricate designs and used as a protective talisman. It was particularly favored by warriors and leaders for its association with courage and self-control. The stone’s durability made it ideal for engraving, and it was often used to create signet rings that were both functional and symbolic.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot, the second of August’s birthstones, has a history that is equally storied. Known as the "gem of the sun" by the ancient Egyptians, peridot was believed to bring health, happiness, and protection from nightmares. The stone was often used in jewelry and amulets, and it was even thought to be a gift from the gods.
Peridot has often been confused with other gemstones, particularly emerald and topaz, due to its rich green color. Historically, it was mined on the Red Sea island of Topazios, a name that may have contributed to the term “topaz.” Some of the gems in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral were believed to be emeralds but are now known to be peridot.
The word “peridot” comes from the Arabic word faridat, meaning gem. This August birthstone was valued in many ancient and medieval cultures, not only for its beauty but also for its perceived metaphysical properties. It was believed to promote inner peace and emotional balance, making it a popular choice for those seeking spiritual harmony.
Spinel: A Modern Addition
Spinel is the most recent addition to the list of August birthstones, having been officially recognized in 2016. For centuries, spinel was often mistaken for ruby, particularly when it displayed a deep red color. However, with the advancement of gemology, spinel has gained recognition for its own unique qualities.
Spinel was historically underappreciated, but today it is valued for its vibrant colors and durability. It comes in a wide range of hues, including vivid red, pink, orange, blue, and black. The most popular color for jewelry is a rich red, which is often used as an alternative to ruby. The growing awareness of spinel's beauty and affordability has contributed to its inclusion as a birthstone for August.
The decision to add spinel to the list was driven by both practical and symbolic considerations. On one hand, the availability and affordability of spinel made it an attractive option for jewelry. On the other hand, the stone’s rich history and varied meanings added depth to the August birthstone lineup.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot
Peridot is a mineral of the olivine family, and it forms under extreme conditions, typically in the Earth’s mantle. It is often found in basaltic lava flows and volcanic rocks, where it is carried to the surface by molten rock. Peridot is also found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones that originate from outer space.
The primary sources of peridot include Arizona, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burma (Myanmar). It is also found in other locations such as Brazil, Madagascar, and Pakistan. Peridot is known for its vivid green color, which ranges from yellow-green to olive green. Its color is due to the presence of iron in its chemical composition.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline quartz. It is formed through the deposition of silica-rich fluids in cavities and cracks in rocks. The alternating bands of sard and onyx in sardonyx are the result of variations in the composition of the fluid as it solidifies.
Sardonyx is primarily found in India, Brazil, and the United States. It was historically mined in the ancient world, particularly in the regions of Egypt and the Near East. Today, it is still used in jewelry and decorative objects, particularly in engraved rings and pendants.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral that forms in a variety of geological settings, including igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is often found in marble deposits and is associated with other gemstones such as ruby and sapphire. Spinel can form in both alluvial and primary deposits, and it is often found in regions with high geological activity.
The primary sources of spinel include Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. It is also found in countries such as Tanzania, Nigeria, and Madagascar. Spinel is known for its wide range of colors, which are caused by different trace elements in its crystal structure. For example, chromium and iron produce red and black spinel, while cobalt and magnesium produce blue and green varieties.
Gemological Properties
Peridot
Peridot is known for its vibrant green color, which is caused by the presence of iron in its crystal structure. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and abrasions. Peridot has a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.70 and a specific gravity of 3.30 to 3.40.
Peridot is often cut into brilliant or step cuts to enhance its color and brilliance. It is also used in a variety of jewelry settings, including rings, earrings, and pendants. Peridot is pleochroic, meaning that it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This property adds to its visual interest and makes it a popular choice for collectors and jewelers alike.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony and has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is known for its banded appearance, with alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a white or black chalcedony). Sardonyx has a refractive index of 1.53 to 1.54 and a specific gravity of 2.58 to 2.64.
Sardonyx is often cut into cabochons or used for carving, particularly in signet rings and amulets. It is also used in inlay work and as a decorative stone. The stone’s durability and ease of carving make it a popular choice for artisans and jewelers.
Spinel
Spinel is a versatile gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest of the three August birthstones. It has a refractive index of 1.718 to 1.721 and a specific gravity of 3.98 to 4.10. Spinel is known for its brilliance and fire, which are comparable to those of ruby and sapphire.
Spinel is available in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, blue, and black. The most popular color for jewelry is a rich red, which is often used as an alternative to ruby. Spinel is often cut into brilliant or step cuts to enhance its brilliance and color. It is also used in a variety of jewelry settings, including rings, earrings, and pendants.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy and emotional healing. It is believed to promote inner peace, emotional balance, and a sense of well-being. In ancient times, peridot was used as a protective talisman, particularly to ward off nightmares and negative influences.
Peridot is also associated with the sun and is believed to bring warmth, light, and vitality to those who wear it. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to enhance intuition and clarity of thought. Peridot is also believed to support the physical body, particularly in the areas of digestion and metabolism.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a stone of strength, protection, and clarity. It is believed to promote courage, self-control, and determination. In ancient times, sardonyx was used by warriors and leaders as a protective talisman, particularly in times of conflict and uncertainty.
Sardonyx is also associated with the earth element and is believed to ground and stabilize the wearer. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to enhance focus and concentration. Sardonyx is also believed to support the physical body, particularly in the areas of the digestive system and the circulatory system.
Spinel
Spinel is a stone of passion, vitality, and emotional depth. It is believed to promote emotional balance, self-expression, and creativity. In ancient times, spinel was used as a protective talisman, particularly to ward off negative energies and promote positive change.
Spinel is also associated with the heart and is believed to enhance love, compassion, and emotional connection. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to enhance intuition and clarity of thought. Spinel is also believed to support the physical body, particularly in the areas of the heart and the circulatory system.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively soft gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it susceptible to scratches and abrasions. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause damage to the stone.
Peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching. It should also be kept away from harsh chemicals and abrasive materials. Peridot is sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause damage to the stone.
Sardonyx should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching. It should also be kept away from harsh chemicals and abrasive materials. Sardonyx is not sensitive to heat and can be exposed to normal household temperatures.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush. Spinel can also be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these will not cause damage to the stone.
Spinel should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching. It should also be kept away from harsh chemicals and abrasive materials. Spinel is not sensitive to heat and can be exposed to normal household temperatures.
Conclusion
The three birthstones of August—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—each offer a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Peridot, with its vibrant green color and association with the sun, has been prized for thousands of years for its beauty and uplifting energy. Sardonyx, with its banded appearance and ancient roots, has been a symbol of strength and protection. Spinel, with its wide range of colors and modern appeal, has become a popular choice for those seeking a vibrant and versatile gemstone.
Together, these three gemstones reflect the richness and diversity of August, making it one of the most celebrated months in the world of birthstones. Whether worn for their beauty, their symbolism, or their historical significance, these stones offer something for everyone and are a fitting tribute to those born in August.