December is a month rich in tradition and symbolism, and its birthstones reflect this in both diversity and depth. The modern December birthstones include Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Topaz, while the traditional December birthstone is Turquoise. Each of these gemstones carries a unique set of physical, historical, and cultural attributes that have contributed to their enduring appeal. This article explores the origins, properties, and significance of these December birthstones, offering a comprehensive overview grounded in the information provided in the sources.
Introduction
December birthstones hold a special place in the world of gemology and jewelry, representing not only the aesthetic beauty of these stones but also the rich histories and meanings they carry. Tanzanite, a relatively modern discovery, has captivated gem lovers with its vivid violet-blue hues and unique geological origins. Turquoise, one of the oldest known gemstones, has been treasured for millennia for its blue-green tones and spiritual significance. Blue Topaz, a less commonly known December birthstone, adds a bright and vibrant dimension to the month’s gemstone selection. Each of these stones has its own story, rooted in history, culture, and gemological science.
This article will explore the historical and cultural significance, geological formation and sources, physical and gemological properties, and symbolism and metaphysical beliefs of the December birthstones. We will also discuss care and cleaning tips for each gemstone, based on their specific characteristics. By the end of this article, readers will gain a deeper appreciation for the December birthstones and their roles in both personal adornment and cultural tradition.
History and Lore
The Origins of December Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones is ancient and complex, with roots in the biblical account of Aaron’s breastplate in the Book of Exodus. While the exact gemstones listed in the Bible have been subject to much debate and translation over the centuries, many scholars believe that some of the stones described may have evolved into the modern birthstones we recognize today. For example, the ancient stone known as Sardius has been linked to modern Sardonyx, one of the August birthstones.
The December birthstones, however, have a more varied and recent history. Turquoise, often considered the traditional December birthstone, has been used for thousands of years across multiple cultures. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to bring protection and was often inlaid in jewelry and amulets. In Mesoamerica, the Aztecs valued turquoise highly and used it in ceremonial objects. In the American Southwest, Native American tribes such as the Navajo and Zuni have long incorporated turquoise into their jewelry, often attributing spiritual significance to the stone.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is a relatively recent discovery. Found in 1967 in Tanzania, it was initially mistaken for another gemstone, and it was not until later that it was identified as a distinct mineral. Tanzanite quickly became popular in the global jewelry market due to its striking color and the fact that it is found only in one location in the world—Tanzania. Its discovery and rapid rise in popularity highlight the dynamic nature of the gemstone trade and how new stones can enter the cultural and commercial landscape.
Blue Topaz, while not as widely recognized as tanzanite or turquoise, has also played a role in the December birthstone tradition. Topaz, in general, has a long history in various cultures, often associated with strength and protection. The blue coloration of topaz, which is usually achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, adds to its appeal and makes it a popular choice for jewelry.
Cultural Significance
The December birthstones have been associated with a range of cultural beliefs and practices. In ancient times, turquoise was believed to have protective and healing properties. It was used in amulets to ward off evil spirits and to promote good health. In Native American traditions, turquoise is considered a sacred stone and is often used in rituals and ceremonies.
Tanzanite, although discovered more recently, has quickly become a symbol of transformation and spiritual awakening. It is often used in meditation and is believed to enhance intuition and emotional balance. The rarity of tanzanite—being found only in Tanzania—has also contributed to its mystique and value.
Blue topaz, while not as deeply embedded in ancient lore, has been associated with clarity of thought and emotional stability. Its bright blue color is often linked to the sky and water, symbolizing calm and serenity.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is chemically composed of calcium aluminum silicate with the formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH). It is a relatively new gemstone, having been discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. The region is the only place in the world where tanzanite is found, making it one of the rarest gemstones on Earth.
Tanzanite is formed under specific geological conditions that involve high heat and pressure. It is typically found in metamorphic rocks, where the original rock has been altered by heat and pressure. The presence of vanadium in the crystal structure is responsible for the stone’s characteristic violet-blue color. Tanzanite is usually heat-treated to enhance its color and clarity, and this treatment is considered permanent.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(OH)₃PO₄·4H₂O. It is formed in the oxidation zones of copper deposits, where water percolates through the rock and deposits the minerals that create turquoise. This process is relatively slow and occurs over thousands of years.
The most well-known sources of turquoise include Iran, China, Mexico, and the United States. In the American Southwest, turquoise has been mined for centuries, and the stone is closely associated with the region’s Native American cultures. The quality and color of turquoise can vary depending on the location of the deposit. For example, Persian turquoise is known for its deep blue color, while American turquoise often has a more greenish tone due to the presence of iron.
Turquoise is typically found in matrix, which refers to the host rock in which the turquoise is embedded. The matrix can vary in color and pattern, and it is often left in place to create unique and eye-catching pieces of jewelry.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the mineral topaz, which has the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂. In its natural state, topaz can range in color from colorless to golden yellow. The blue coloration is typically the result of irradiation and heat treatment, which alters the structure of the crystal and creates the blue hue.
Blue topaz is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, Russia, and Myanmar. Brazil is one of the largest producers of topaz, and it is here that much of the blue topaz used in jewelry is sourced. The treatment process that turns topaz blue is well-established and widely accepted in the gemstone industry.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite
- Color: Tanzanite is known for its vivid violet-blue color, which can vary from deep blue to purple. This color is due to the presence of vanadium in the crystal structure.
- Hardness: Tanzanite has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 6.5, which makes it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. This means it is more susceptible to scratches and should be handled with care.
- Clarity: Tanzanite is often included, meaning it contains visible inclusions. These inclusions are typically not considered detrimental to the stone’s beauty and can add to its character.
- Cut: Tanzanite is often cut into oval, cushion, or princess shapes to maximize its color and brilliance. The cut is an important factor in enhancing the stone’s appearance.
- Luster: Tanzanite has a vitreous (glassy) luster, which gives it a bright and reflective appearance.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of tanzanite ranges from 1.62 to 1.69, which contributes to its brilliance and sparkle.
Turquoise
- Color: Turquoise can range in color from deep blue to green, depending on the minerals present in the stone. The presence of copper gives it a blue color, while the presence of iron gives it a greenish tone.
- Hardness: Turquoise has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it relatively soft. It is more prone to scratching and can be easily damaged if not handled properly.
- Clarity: Turquoise is typically opaque and is often found in matrix, which refers to the host rock in which the turquoise is embedded. The matrix can add unique patterns and colors to the stone.
- Cut: Turquoise is often cut into cabochons, which are smooth, rounded stones without facets. This cut is used to highlight the stone’s color and matrix.
- Luster: Turquoise has a waxy luster, which gives it a soft and smooth appearance.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of turquoise is approximately 1.61 to 1.63, which contributes to its translucency and depth.
Blue Topaz
- Color: Blue topaz is known for its bright blue color, which is typically achieved through irradiation and heat treatment. The color can range from pale blue to deep blue, depending on the treatment process.
- Hardness: Blue topaz has a Mohs hardness of 8, which makes it relatively hard and durable. It is less prone to scratching than tanzanite or turquoise.
- Clarity: Blue topaz is usually very clear and is often free of inclusions. This clarity makes it an ideal gemstone for faceted cuts.
- Cut: Blue topaz is commonly cut into round, oval, or princess shapes to showcase its color and brilliance. The cut is an important factor in maximizing the stone’s beauty.
- Luster: Blue topaz has a vitreous (glassy) luster, which gives it a bright and reflective appearance.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of blue topaz is approximately 1.62 to 1.64, which contributes to its brilliance and sparkle.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often associated with transformation, emotional balance, and spiritual awakening. It is believed to enhance intuition and promote a sense of calm and clarity. In metaphysical practices, tanzanite is used in meditation to help open the heart and throat chakras, facilitating communication and emotional healing. The stone is also believed to help with overcoming fear and anxiety, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional stability.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. In ancient cultures, it was believed to ward off evil spirits and bring protection to the wearer. It is also considered a stone of health, and it has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. In modern times, turquoise is still used in jewelry and amulets for its protective properties and its ability to promote positive energy and calmness.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with clarity of thought, emotional stability, and calmness. It is believed to help with focus and concentration, making it a popular stone for students and professionals. Blue topaz is also thought to promote positive communication and emotional balance, making it a useful stone for those who struggle with anxiety or stress. In some traditions, blue topaz is believed to bring good luck and prosperity, making it a popular choice for those seeking success and fortune.
Care and Cleaning
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone with a Mohs hardness of 6 to 6.5, so it should be handled with care to avoid scratches and damage. It is also sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures. When cleaning tanzanite, it is best to use mild soap and warm water and a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause damage to the stone.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a porous gemstone, so it should be cleaned with care to avoid damage. It is best to clean turquoise with mild soap and warm water and a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause the stone to become dry and brittle. Turquoise should also be kept away from harsh chemicals and direct sunlight, as these can cause the stone to fade or become discolored.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a hard and durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned using mild soap and warm water and a soft cloth. It is also safe to use ultrasonic cleaners and steamers, which can help remove dirt and debris. Blue topaz is not sensitive to heat or chemicals, so it can be cleaned more aggressively than tanzanite or turquoise.
Conclusion
December birthstones—Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Topaz—each carry a unique set of characteristics that contribute to their enduring appeal. From the ancient traditions surrounding turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, these gemstones reflect the rich and diverse history of the birthstone tradition. Their gemological properties, including their color, hardness, and luster, make them suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications. Additionally, their cultural and metaphysical significance adds to their allure, making them not only beautiful but also meaningful choices for personal adornment.
Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply someone interested in the history and symbolism of birthstones, December’s birthstones offer something for everyone. Their rarity, beauty, and rich cultural heritage make them a fitting choice for anyone born in December or looking to incorporate these stones into their collection.