August holds a special place in the world of gemstones, as it is one of the few months associated with multiple birthstones. While most months are linked to a single gemstone, August is represented by three: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. This distinction makes August a particularly fascinating month in the birthstone tradition, with a rich tapestry of history, cultural significance, and gemological diversity.
In this article, we will explore the reasons behind August’s multiple birthstones, tracing their origins through ancient traditions and modern standardization. We will also examine the gemological properties, symbolism, and practical care of each stone, offering a comprehensive look at their unique roles in the world of gemstones.
History and Lore of August’s Birthstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months of the year has ancient roots, with early references appearing in religious texts and folklore. One of the earliest known records is the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus in the Bible. This sacred garment featured twelve gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. These stones were believed to hold spiritual significance and were thought to correspond to the zodiac signs and months of the year.
The modern system of birthstones began to take shape in the 18th century, particularly in Poland, where Jewish gem traders began linking gemstones with the months of the year. This practice eventually spread across Europe and the rest of the world, evolving as new gem discoveries and cultural exchanges introduced new stones into the mix.
By the early 20th century, the American National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) standardized the birthstone list in 1912. At that time, peridot and sardonyx were designated as August’s birthstones. Sardonyx, a banded chalcedony stone, was historically associated with strength, protection, and good fortune. Its warm tones and layered appearance made it a popular choice in ancient Roman and medieval jewelry.
However, over time, confusion arose between sardonyx and peridot, as the two stones share similar greenish hues. This led to peridot being increasingly associated with August as well. In 2016, spinel was officially added to the list of August birthstones, further enriching the diversity of options for August-born individuals.
Each of these stones carries its own historical significance and cultural symbolism, contributing to the unique identity of August in the birthstone calendar.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of August’s birthstones provides insight into their rarity, beauty, and availability in the jewelry market.
Peridot
Peridot is a silicate mineral composed of magnesium and iron (chemical formula: Mg₂SiO₄). It forms in igneous rocks, specifically in volcanic and metamorphic environments, and is typically found in lavas and peridotite rock formations. The presence of iron in its crystal structure gives peridot its signature green color, with the intensity of the green dependent on the iron content. The more iron present, the deeper and more vibrant the green.
Peridot is most commonly found in island chains, particularly in oceanic volcanic islands. Major sources of high-quality peridot include:
- Zabargad Island (St. John’s Island), part of the Red Sea, is the most famous source of gem-quality peridot.
- Arizona in the United States is another well-known source, particularly for lighter-colored peridots.
- Brazil, Nigeria, and Myanmar also produce peridot, though the quality and color can vary.
Peridot is one of the few gemstones that occur in naturally occurring green color, without the need for treatment or enhancement. This makes it a unique and highly valued gemstone among collectors and jewelry enthusiasts.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline silica-rich mineral. It is characterized by its banded patterns, often displaying reddish-brown or amber-colored layers alternating with white or light-colored bands. The name "sardonyx" is derived from the ancient city of Sardis in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), where the stone was historically mined.
Sardonyx forms in sedimentary or metamorphic rock deposits, often in cavities or geodes. It is typically found in volcanic regions, where it can be formed from the precipitation of silica-rich fluids.
Historically, sardonyx was highly prized in ancient Rome and Greece for its aesthetic appeal and symbolic significance. It was often carved into cameos, seals, and intaglios, and was believed to bring protection, strength, and good fortune.
Modern sources of sardonyx include:
- Brazil
- India
- Nepal
- Ethiopia
These countries produce a wide range of sardonyx stones, from deeply colored, highly banded specimens to more subdued, pastel-colored varieties.
Spinel
Spinel is a oxide mineral composed of magnesium aluminum oxide (chemical formula: MgAl₂O₄). It is known for its wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, purple, and even colorless. Spinel is often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its similar appearance and brilliance, but it has a distinct chemical composition and optical properties.
Spinel forms in mafic igneous rocks, particularly in basaltic and gabbroic formations, and is often found in metamorphic rocks as well. It can also occur in alluvial deposits, where it has been transported by water erosion and deposited in riverbeds or alluvial plains.
High-quality spinel is most commonly found in:
- Myanmar, particularly in Mogok, which is known for producing some of the finest red and blue spinels.
- Vietnam, where cobalt blue spinels are especially prized.
- Tanzania, Nepal, and Madagascar also produce notable spinel deposits.
Spinel is a relatively hard gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it suitable for everyday wear in jewelry. Its wide range of colors and superior brilliance have made it a popular choice in modern jewelry design.
Gemological Properties
A detailed understanding of the gemological properties of August’s birthstones helps jewelers and collectors make informed decisions about their use and care.
Peridot
- Color: Ranges from yellow-green to deep olive green, depending on iron content.
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones.
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy).
- Clarity: Typically transparent to slightly included, with minimal inclusions in high-quality stones.
- Refractive Index: 1.65–1.69.
- Specific Gravity: 3.32–4.58.
- Cut: Commonly cut in round, oval, or cushion shapes to enhance its color and brilliance.
- Treatments: Peridot is naturally occurring, with no need for enhancement or treatment.
Sardonyx
- Color: Characterized by banded patterns, with reddish-brown or amber-colored layers alternating with white or light-colored bands.
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, similar to peridot.
- Luster: Waxy or vitreous.
- Clarity: Typically translucent, with visible banding.
- Refractive Index: 1.48–1.53.
- Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64.
- Cut: Often cabochon-cut or carved into cameos and intaglios, rather than faceted.
- Treatments: Generally untreated, though some stones may be dipped in oils or waxes to enhance their luster.
Spinel
- Color: Available in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, purple, and colorless.
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale, making it durable for everyday use.
- Luster: Vitreous (glassy).
- Clarity: Typically transparent to slightly included, with good clarity in high-quality stones.
- Refractive Index: 1.718.
- Specific Gravity: 3.6–4.0.
- Cut: Commonly cut in round, oval, or princess shapes to enhance brilliance.
- Treatments: Some spinels may be heat-treated to improve color or clarity, though high-quality spinels are often naturally occurring.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of August’s birthstones carries unique symbolism and metaphysical properties that have been associated with them across different cultures and historical periods.
Peridot
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy, renewal, and protection. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to bring good fortune and ward off nightmares. The stone was often placed under pillows to promote peaceful sleep and mental clarity.
In medieval Europe, peridot was associated with healing and emotional balance. It was believed to help soothe the mind, reduce anxiety, and promote inner peace. The stone was also linked to love and friendship, making it a popular choice in romantic jewelry and gifts.
Modern metaphysical beliefs associate peridot with abundance, prosperity, and self-confidence. It is often used in feng shui to attract positive energy and wealth into homes and businesses.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is traditionally linked to strength, protection, and courage. In ancient Rome, it was believed to be a protective stone, worn by soldiers and warriors to enhance their bravery and shield them from harm.
The stone was also associated with loyalty and truth, making it a popular choice in seals and signet rings used to sign documents and contracts. Sardonyx was believed to promote honesty, integrity, and self-discipline.
In modern times, sardonyx is still associated with protection and emotional stability. It is believed to help ground the wearer, reduce stress, and enhance focus and determination.
Spinel
Spinel is often associated with passion, vitality, and emotional balance. In ancient times, it was believed to bring good luck and protect the wearer from harm. Red spinel, in particular, was associated with courage, strength, and vitality.
In medieval Europe, spinel was believed to have healing properties and was used to treat fevers and other ailments. It was also believed to enhance love and affection, making it a popular choice in romantic jewelry and gifts.
Modern metaphysical beliefs associate spinel with emotional healing, self-confidence, and inner strength. It is believed to help soothe the mind, balance emotions, and promote inner peace and harmony.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of gemstone jewelry. Each of August’s birthstones has specific cleaning and maintenance requirements based on its hardness and sensitivity.
Peridot
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5–7, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratches and damage. It should be cleaned with mild soap and water, using a soft cloth or soft-bristled brush to gently remove dirt and debris.
Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaning, as these can cause internal damage or loose settings. Peridot should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5–7, similar to peridot. It is relatively durable but should still be handled with care to avoid chipping or cracking.
It can be cleaned with mild soap and water, using a soft cloth or soft-bristled brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the stone’s surface or alter its color.
Sardonyx should be stored in a soft cloth or padded jewelry box to prevent scratches and damage from other jewelry.
Spinel
Spinel has a hardness of 8, making it more durable than peridot or sardonyx. It can be cleaned with mild soap and water, using a soft cloth or soft-bristled brush.
It is also safe to clean spinel with ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, provided the stone is free of inclusions or fractures. Spinel should be stored in a jewelry box away from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
August stands out in the world of birthstones for its three gemstone representatives: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. Each of these stones has a rich history, unique gemological properties, and distinct symbolism, making them ideal choices for those born in August.
From the vibrant green of peridot, associated with renewal and protection, to the banded patterns of sardonyx, symbolizing strength and courage, and the wide range of colors in spinel, representing passion and vitality, August offers a diverse and meaningful selection of birthstones.
Whether you choose peridot for its natural beauty, sardonyx for its historical significance, or spinel for its brilliance and versatility, you can be sure that your August birthstone will carry a deep and enduring meaning.
By understanding the history, properties, and care of these gemstones, you can make an informed and meaningful choice that reflects your personal style and values.