December, the final month of the year, is represented by a stunning selection of birthstones, all sharing a dominant blue hue that reflects the winter season. Unlike other months, December is unique in that it has not one, but three official birthstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon. Blue Topaz is often included as an alternative, making four gemstones associated with December. This article explores the history, geological properties, cultural significance, and care of these gemstones, providing a comprehensive look at the December birthstone tradition.
The Significance of December Birthstones
December is the only month with multiple official birthstones, a distinction that reflects both the diversity of gemstones and the evolving nature of the birthstone tradition. The inclusion of multiple blue gemstones may also be a nod to the cold, winter colors that dominate the month. These gemstones are not only beautiful but also rich in historical and cultural meaning. They have been used for centuries in jewelry, amulets, and spiritual practices, and today they continue to be popular in modern jewelry design.
The tradition of associating gemstones with months of the year dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical references and early Jewish and Christian traditions. Over the centuries, the list of birthstones has evolved, with new discoveries and commercial interests influencing which stones are considered official. The December birthstones, in particular, have seen changes over time, with Tanzanite being added as recently as 2002.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
Turquoise: The Ancient Stone of Protection and Prosperity
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history that spans thousands of years and multiple civilizations. It has been found in archaeological sites from ancient Egypt to the American Southwest. Turquoise is believed to have been brought to Europe through Turkish bazaars, which is why it got its name—pierre turquoise, meaning "stone of Turkey." The stone was highly valued for its vibrant blue-green color and was often used in amulets, jewelry, and decorative objects.
In ancient times, turquoise was believed to offer protection and bring good fortune. It was considered a sacred stone by many cultures, including the Egyptians, who used it in burial masks and jewelry for their pharaohs. Native American tribes, particularly in the American Southwest, also revered turquoise for its spiritual significance. They associated it with youth, strength, and vitality, and it was often used in ceremonial jewelry and as a symbol of friendship.
Turquoise is also believed to have a unique property: it was said to warn the wearer of impending illness or danger by turning pale or dull. This belief, while not scientifically proven, highlights the deep spiritual connection people have had with the stone for centuries.
Tanzanite: The Modern Discovery of a Rare Gem
Tanzanite is the newest of the December birthstones, having been discovered in 1967 in Tanzania. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its striking trichroism, meaning it can appear blue, purple, or burgundy depending on the viewing angle. This unique optical property makes tanzanite highly desirable and visually captivating.
The rarity of tanzanite is another factor that contributes to its value. It is only found in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, which is why it is considered one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The limited availability of tanzanite has also made it a symbol of exclusivity and luxury. In 2002, it was officially added to the list of December birthstones, joining the ranks of Turquoise and Zircon.
Tanzanite is associated with spiritual growth and emotional balance. It is believed to enhance intuition and promote a sense of calm and clarity. These qualities make it a popular choice for those seeking a gemstone with both beauty and meaning.
Zircon: A Durable and Radiant Blue Gem
Zircon is a naturally occurring mineral that has been used as a gemstone for centuries. It is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a brilliant sparkle similar to diamonds. Zircon comes in a variety of colors, but the blue variety is particularly popular and is one of the December birthstones.
Blue zircon was added to the December birthstone list in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America. It is a durable gemstone, making it well-suited for everyday wear. Zircon has also been used in jewelry for millennia, with ancient civilizations recognizing its beauty and value.
Zircon is believed to bring wisdom and protection. It is also associated with clarity of thought and emotional healing. These properties make it a meaningful gemstone for those who value both its physical and metaphysical qualities.
Blue Topaz: The Most Durable December Birthstone
Blue topaz is a relatively modern addition to the list of December birthstones, and it is the hardest of the four, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it ideal for everyday wear and durable jewelry pieces. Blue topaz is not a naturally occurring blue gemstone; rather, it is created through a process of irradiation and heat treatment that changes the color of natural topaz from yellow to blue.
The popularity of blue topaz has grown significantly in recent years, in part due to its affordability and brilliance. It is the official state gem of Texas and is mined in several countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. Blue topaz is believed to promote calmness and stability, making it a popular choice for those seeking a gemstone with both beauty and a calming effect.
Geological Formation and Sources of December Birthstones
Each of the December birthstones has a unique geological origin and formation process. Understanding how these gemstones are formed and where they are found can deepen appreciation for their rarity and beauty.
Turquoise: A Product of Copper and Groundwater
Turquoise is formed when copper-rich groundwater interacts with the bedrock in arid regions. The chemical reactions between copper and other minerals over time create an opaque stone with a range of blue and green hues. The dark lines and patterns seen in turquoise are known as the matrix, which is derived from the surrounding rock.
Turquoise is most commonly found in desert regions, where the conditions necessary for its formation are present. The United States, particularly in the American Southwest, is one of the major sources of turquoise. Other countries that produce turquoise include Afghanistan, China, and Egypt.
Tanzanite: A Unique Geological Phenomenon
Tanzanite is found only in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its formation is the result of a unique combination of geological conditions that occurred millions of years ago. The mineral is a type of zoisite, which is part of the epidote group of minerals. The blue color of tanzanite is due to the presence of trace amounts of vanadium, which is responsible for its trichroic nature.
The limited source of tanzanite contributes to its rarity and value. Because it is only found in Tanzania, it is considered a national treasure and is carefully regulated to ensure its sustainability.
Zircon: A Versatile and Durable Gemstone
Zircon is a naturally occurring mineral that is found in a variety of geological settings. It is formed through the crystallization of zirconium silicate in igneous rocks. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a brilliant sparkle.
Blue zircon is created through a process of heat treatment and irradiation. This treatment changes the color of natural zircon from its original yellow or brown to a vibrant blue. Zircon is found in several countries, including Australia, Sri Lanka, and Brazil.
Blue Topaz: A Man-Made Transformation
Blue topaz is not naturally blue; rather, it is created through a process of irradiation and heat treatment. Natural topaz is typically yellow or brown, but when exposed to these treatments, it can be transformed into a beautiful blue color. This process does not alter the chemical composition of the stone, but rather changes the way light interacts with it.
Blue topaz is mined in several countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. It is particularly abundant in the United States, where it is the official state gem of Texas. The durability of blue topaz makes it an excellent choice for jewelry, as it is resistant to scratches and other forms of wear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs of December Birthstones
Each of the December birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. These beliefs have been passed down through generations and continue to influence the way people view and use these gemstones today.
Turquoise: Protection, Prosperity, and Connection
Turquoise is often associated with protection, prosperity, and spiritual connection. It is believed to provide a sense of calm and stability, making it a popular choice for those seeking balance in their lives. Turquoise is also thought to enhance communication and promote harmony in relationships.
In ancient times, turquoise was used in amulets and charms to ward off negative energy and protect the wearer from harm. It was also believed to bring good fortune and success in business and personal endeavors. These beliefs continue to influence the use of turquoise in modern jewelry and spiritual practices.
Tanzanite: Spiritual Growth and Emotional Clarity
Tanzanite is associated with spiritual growth, emotional balance, and intuition. It is believed to help individuals connect with their higher selves and access deeper levels of consciousness. Tanzanite is also thought to promote emotional healing and provide a sense of calm in times of stress or uncertainty.
The trichroic nature of tanzanite is seen as a symbol of transformation and change. Because it can appear different colors depending on the viewing angle, it is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to represent the many facets of the self.
Zircon: Wisdom, Clarity, and Protection
Zircon is believed to bring wisdom, clarity, and protection. It is often used in jewelry as a talisman for those seeking guidance and insight. Zircon is also associated with emotional healing and is thought to help individuals release negative emotions and find inner peace.
The high refractive index and dispersion of zircon give it a brilliant sparkle, which is seen as a symbol of inner light and clarity. Zircon is also believed to provide protection against negative energy and to enhance one's ability to see the truth in any situation.
Blue Topaz: Calmness, Stability, and Positive Energy
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, stability, and positive energy. It is believed to help individuals find inner peace and maintain a sense of balance in their lives. Blue topaz is also thought to promote optimism and encourage a positive outlook on life.
The durability of blue topaz makes it an excellent choice for everyday wear, and its beautiful blue color is seen as a symbol of serenity and tranquility. Blue topaz is also believed to enhance communication and promote harmony in relationships.
Care and Cleaning of December Birthstones
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has its own unique properties and requirements, so it is important to understand how to care for each one properly.
Turquoise: Gentle Cleaning and Protection from Drying
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone that can be sensitive to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush to gently remove dirt and debris. Avoid exposing turquoise to direct sunlight or heat, as this can cause it to dry out and lose its color.
Turquoise should also be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching. Because it is porous, it can absorb oils and lotions, so it is best to apply cosmetics and skincare products before wearing turquoise jewelry.
Tanzanite: Avoiding Heat and Chemical Exposure
Tanzanite is a relatively durable gemstone with a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, but it can still be sensitive to heat and chemicals. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush. Avoid exposing tanzanite to high heat, as this can cause it to lose its color.
Tanzanite should also be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent any potential damage. Because it is a trichroic gemstone, it is best to wear it in a way that showcases its colors and avoids any unnecessary exposure to harsh conditions.
Zircon: Avoiding Heat and Abrasive Cleaners
Zircon is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. However, it can be sensitive to heat and abrasive cleaners. It should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage to the stone.
Zircon should also be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent any potential damage. Because it has a high refractive index, it is best to wear it in a way that showcases its brilliance and sparkle.
Blue Topaz: Durable and Easy to Clean
Blue topaz is the hardest of the December birthstones, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it highly durable and suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft cloth or brush. It is also safe to use ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as these will not damage the stone.
Blue topaz should be stored in a cool, dry place to maintain its brilliance and color. Because it is a durable gemstone, it is best to wear it in a way that showcases its beauty and durability.
Conclusion
December is a month rich in gemstone history and tradition, with four beautiful blue gemstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Blue Topaz—representing the month. Each of these gemstones has a unique geological origin, a rich cultural history, and a set of symbolic meanings that have been passed down through generations.
Turquoise, the oldest of the December birthstones, has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and spiritual practices. Tanzanite, the newest addition, was discovered in 1967 and is known for its trichroic nature and rarity. Zircon, a durable and brilliant gemstone, has been used in jewelry for centuries and is associated with wisdom and protection. Blue Topaz, the hardest of the December birthstones, is a modern gemstone that is popular for its beauty and durability.
Whether you choose one or all of these gemstones, each one offers a unique combination of beauty, history, and meaning. December birthstones continue to be a popular choice for jewelry and gifts, and their enduring appeal is a testament to the timeless fascination with gemstones.