December is a month of enchanting beauty, and its birthstones reflect this with a stunning array of colors and characteristics. Unlike most months that feature a single birthstone, December proudly boasts four: blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. Each of these gemstones brings its own unique look, history, and meaning, making December one of the most versatile months when it comes to birthstone jewelry.
From the icy brilliance of blue topaz to the earthy charm of turquoise, and the vibrant violet of tanzanite to the rainbow sparkle of zircon, these stones offer a wide range of aesthetics that cater to all tastes and styles. Whether you’re seeking a gem to wear on a daily basis or a rare and luxurious piece for special occasions, December's birthstones deliver both beauty and significance.
In this article, we will explore what these gemstones look like, how they form, where they are found, and what makes them special. We will also examine their historical and cultural significance, as well as practical tips for caring for them. This guide is designed for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and anyone curious about the rich world of December’s birthstones.
History and Lore
December’s birthstones are steeped in history, with each gemstone carrying centuries of tradition and symbolism. The ancient allure of these stones has made them enduring favorites in jewelry and ornamentation.
Turquoise: The Ancient Treasure
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history that dates back thousands of years. It was particularly favored by ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, who used it to adorn pharaohs and royalty. King Tutankhamun’s tomb, for instance, contained numerous turquoise inlays, symbolizing protection and good fortune. The stone was also highly valued in Native American cultures, where it was believed to bring health and spiritual clarity.
The name "turquoise" comes from the French phrase pierre turquoise, or "Turkish stone," because it was first introduced to Europe through Turkey, although the stone itself was originally mined in Persia (modern-day Iran). Turquoise is often associated with the natural world and is believed to promote wisdom, tranquility, and friendship.
Tanzanite: The Modern Marvel
Tanzanite is the youngest gemstone in December's lineup, having been discovered in 1967 in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Unlike the ancient roots of turquoise, tanzanite is a relatively new addition to the gemstone world. This velvety blue-violet stone is unique in that it can display different colors depending on the lighting. It was first marketed by Tiffany & Co., which helped to popularize it in the global jewelry market.
Due to its limited availability and the fact that it is only found in Tanzania, tanzanite is considered a rare and valuable gemstone. It is often associated with spiritual growth and transformation, making it a popular choice for those seeking a gemstone with deeper meaning.
Zircon: The Sparkling Star
Zircon is a gemstone that has been appreciated for its brilliance and fire for centuries. Known for its high refractive index, zircon displays a sparkle that can rival diamonds, especially in the right light. It is also notable for its variety of colors, including blue, yellow, red, and brown. The blue zircon, in particular, is often referred to as the "December zircon."
Zircon has a long and storied history. It was used in ancient jewelry and has been found in archaeological sites from the Middle East to Southeast Asia. In modern times, zircon is appreciated for its affordability and versatility, making it a popular choice for everyday wear.
Blue Topaz: The Classic Elegance
Blue topaz is perhaps the most well-known of December’s birthstones. It is prized for its vibrant blue color, which ranges from light sky blue to deep oceanic hues. Blue topaz is typically treated to enhance its color, as naturally occurring blue topaz is rare.
This gemstone has been popular for centuries, with historical references to its use in ancient Rome and Egypt. In more modern times, blue topaz has become a symbol of calmness, communication, and emotional balance. Its durability and affordability make it an excellent choice for a wide range of jewelry designs.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones is formed under unique geological conditions, and their sources reflect the diverse environments in which they are found.
Turquoise: Earth’s Blue Treasure
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, and it forms in arid regions where copper-rich rocks are exposed to the weathering elements. This process occurs over thousands of years and results in the formation of the beautiful blue and green gemstone.
The most significant sources of turquoise include the southwestern United States, Iran, Egypt, China, Mexico, and parts of Central Asia and Africa. Each of these regions produces turquoise with distinct characteristics, from the spiderweb matrix patterns of American turquoise to the deep blue hues of Persian turquoise.
Tanzanite: The Unique Mineral of Tanzania
Tanzanite is a rare and unique gemstone, and it is only found in one place on Earth: the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. It is formed from the mineral zoisite, which undergoes a heat treatment to enhance its color and clarity. The presence of trace elements such as vanadium and chromium contributes to its distinctive blue-violet color.
Due to its limited source, tanzanite is considered a gemstone of rarity and exclusivity. Its discovery in 1967 marked a significant milestone in the gemstone world, and it has since become a symbol of luxury and elegance.
Zircon: A Versatile and Abundant Gem
Zircon is a mineral that is found in many parts of the world, including Australia, India, Brazil, and Southeast Asia. It forms in igneous rocks and is often found in alluvial deposits. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant sparkle.
The blue zircon, which is the most popular variety in December's birthstone collection, is created through heat treatment. This process enhances its color and clarity, making it a desirable gemstone for jewelry.
Blue Topaz: The Icy Crystal
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral that is found in various locations around the world, including Brazil, Nigeria, Russia, and the United States. Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, so most of the blue topaz on the market is enhanced through irradiation and heat treatment.
This gemstone is known for its hardness and durability, making it a practical choice for everyday jewelry. Its clear, icy blue color makes it a favorite among gemstone lovers and jewelry designers alike.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of December’s birthstones is essential for both collectors and jewelry wearers. These properties include hardness, color, clarity, and refractive index, which all contribute to the gemstone’s appearance and durability.
Turquoise
- Chemical Formula: CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 5–6
- Color: Blue to green, often with a matrix pattern
- Clarity: Typically opaque to semi-translucent
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.65
- Luster: Waxy to greasy
- Cleavage: No cleavage, but it is brittle and can crack easily
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, so it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. Its unique matrix patterns make each piece one-of-a-kind, adding to its charm and individuality.
Tanzanite
- Chemical Formula: Ca₂Al₃O₆(SiO₄)(OH)₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6–7
- Color: Blue to violet, with color change under different lighting
- Clarity: Typically included, with visible inclusions
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.701
- Luster: Vitreous to greasy
- Cleavage: Perfect cleavage in one direction
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone that requires careful handling. Its inclusions and cleavage make it more delicate than other December birthstones, so it is best suited for special occasion jewelry rather than everyday wear.
Zircon
- Chemical Formula: ZrSiO₄
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6–7.5
- Color: Available in a wide range of colors, including blue, yellow, red, and brown
- Clarity: Typically clear to slightly included
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.00
- Luster: Vitreous
- Cleavage: No cleavage
Zircon is a versatile and durable gemstone that is well-suited for everyday wear. Its high refractive index and dispersion give it a brilliant sparkle, making it a popular choice for jewelry.
Blue Topaz
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Color: Blue, ranging from light sky blue to deep oceanic blue
- Clarity: Typically clear to slightly included
- Refractive Index: 1.62–1.64
- Luster: Vitreous
- Cleavage: No cleavage
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone that is well-suited for everyday wear. Its hardness and clarity make it an excellent choice for a wide range of jewelry designs.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Clarity | Refractive Index | Special Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | Opaque to semi-translucent | 1.61–1.65 | Unique matrix patterns |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Included | 1.694–1.701 | Color change under light |
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, red, brown | 6–7.5 | Clear to slightly included | 1.92–2.00 | High refractive index and dispersion |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Clear to slightly included | 1.62–1.64 | High hardness and durability |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, which have been passed down through history and continue to influence their popularity today.
Turquoise: Protection and Wisdom
Turquoise is often associated with protection, wisdom, and good fortune. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off negative energy and prevent falls, especially from horses. It was also used as a talisman to bring health and prosperity to its wearer.
In modern times, turquoise is still believed to promote self-expression, compassion, and emotional balance. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to enhance intuition and clarity.
Tanzanite: Transformation and Creativity
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, spiritual growth, and creativity. As a relatively new gemstone, it is seen as a symbol of change and new beginnings. It is believed to help the wearer embrace new opportunities and overcome challenges.
Tanzanite is also thought to enhance intuition and emotional healing, making it a popular choice for those seeking personal growth and self-discovery.
Zircon: Clarity and Intuition
Zircon is believed to enhance mental clarity, intuition, and grounding. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to help the wearer connect with their inner self and gain insight into their path.
Zircon is also associated with creativity and inspiration, making it a popular gemstone for artists, writers, and thinkers.
Blue Topaz: Calm and Communication
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, communication, and emotional balance. It is believed to help the wearer express themselves clearly and confidently. It is also thought to promote inner peace and reduce stress.
Blue topaz is often used in jewelry and spiritual practices to enhance communication and emotional harmony.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has different requirements based on its hardness, cleavage, and sensitivity to heat and chemicals.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone (5–6 on the Mohs scale), so it requires gentle handling. It is sensitive to water, oils, and lotions, which can dull its color and damage its surface. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth and a mild soap solution. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can damage the stone. If the turquoise has been stabilized or enhanced, it is especially important to avoid exposure to water and chemicals.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is sensitive to abrupt temperature changes, so it should never be exposed to sudden heat or cold. It is also relatively soft (6–7 on the Mohs scale), so it should be handled with care to avoid scratches and damage.
To clean tanzanite, use a soft cloth and a mild soap solution. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can cause the stone to crack or lose its luster.
Zircon
Zircon is a durable gemstone (6–7.5 on the Mohs scale) that is well-suited for everyday wear. It is not sensitive to water or heat, making it easy to clean and maintain.
To clean zircon, use a soft cloth and a mild soap solution. It can also be cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners, but it is always best to follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a hard gemstone (8 on the Mohs scale) that is well-suited for everyday wear. It is not sensitive to water or heat, making it easy to clean and maintain.
To clean blue topaz, use a soft cloth and a mild soap solution. It can also be cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners, but it is always best to follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a stunning array of colors and characteristics that reflect the beauty and diversity of the month. From the ancient allure of turquoise to the modern elegance of tanzanite, and from the sparkling brilliance of zircon to the icy clarity of blue topaz, these gemstones each bring their own unique charm and significance.
Whether you are drawn to the deep blue of turquoise, the velvety violet of tanzanite, the rainbow sparkle of zircon, or the cool serenity of blue topaz, there is a December birthstone to suit every style and preference. Their rich history, symbolic meanings, and gemological properties make them not only beautiful to wear but also meaningful to own.
For those who are born in December or who simply appreciate the beauty of these gemstones, December’s birthstones offer a perfect way to celebrate the season and honor the individuality of each person who chooses to wear them. Whether as a birthday gift, a meaningful keepsake, or a personal adornment, December’s birthstones shine brightly in any setting.