March, the bridge between winter and spring, is symbolized by two remarkable gemstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. These birthstones not only represent the month’s awakening vitality but also reflect the duality of nature—fluid and serene like the ocean, and grounded and steadfast like the earth. While aquamarine captures the cool, calming hues of the sea, bloodstone embodies the strength and resilience of the land. Together, they form a unique pair in the world of birthstones, each with its own rich history, geological properties, and symbolic significance.
This article delves into the fascinating world of these two March birthstones. Drawing on historical records, gemological data, and cultural lore, we explore their origins, their scientific characteristics, and their enduring appeal in the realm of fine jewelry. We will also examine their use in contemporary pieces, particularly in the context of high-profile designs by renowned jewelers such as Tiffany & Co.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months of the year is ancient, with roots in biblical and medieval traditions. The earliest known reference to birthstones is found in the Breastplate of the High Priest, described in the Old Testament (Exodus 28:15–30), which lists 12 stones representing the 12 tribes of Israel. However, the modern birthstone calendar we recognize today was formalized in the early 20th century by the American National Association of Jewelers, later known as Jewelers of America. This organization standardized the list of birthstones in 1912, and in 1952, aquamarine was added to March's list, joining bloodstone.
Bloodstone, the original March birthstone, has a long and storied history. Known as "heliotrope" in the ancient world, it was used by Egyptians as early as 3000 BCE in amulets and seals. The stone’s dark green base, flecked with red spots, was believed to represent the blood of Christ and was thus associated with vitality, courage, and protection. It was particularly popular in the Middle Ages, where it was often used in signet rings and was believed to enhance the wearer’s physical and spiritual strength.
Aquamarine, on the other hand, rose to prominence in the Renaissance and became widely popular in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its name, derived from the Latin aqua marina (meaning “water of the sea”), reflects its clear blue to blue-green color. Ancient mariners believed it protected them from storms and ensured safe passage across the seas. This belief persisted through the centuries, and aquamarine was often carried on long voyages as a talisman of good fortune.
The dual nature of March’s birthstones—bloodstone as a symbol of the earth and aquamarine as a symbol of the sea—reflects the philosophical balance of the vernal equinox, when day and night are in harmony and the earth begins to renew itself. This duality has made March’s birthstones particularly resonant in both spiritual and aesthetic terms.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a member of the beryl family, a group of silicate minerals that includes emerald and morganite. It is composed primarily of beryllium, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen, with its signature blue coloration attributed to trace amounts of iron. The presence of iron in the crystal lattice gives aquamarine its characteristic hues, ranging from pale icy blue to deep ocean blue. Some specimens exhibit a subtle greenish tint, which adds depth to their color.
Aquamarine forms in pegmatite deposits, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks that crystallize slowly from magma rich in volatile elements. These conditions allow for the formation of large, well-developed crystals, making aquamarine particularly suitable for cutting into large, clean stones. The most significant sources of aquamarine are located in Brazil, Madagascar, Nigeria, Pakistan, and the United States (specifically Colorado). Brazil, in particular, is known for producing the finest and most valuable aquamarine specimens, including the famous Santa Maria aquamarine, which is characterized by its deep blue color and exceptional clarity.
The largest aquamarine crystal ever discovered weighed 243 pounds and was found in Brazil in 1910. This remarkable stone, now known as the "Lapidaire Aquamarine," underscores the impressive size and quality of aquamarine crystals that can be found in the right geological conditions.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. Its dark green base is composed of silicon dioxide, while the red speckles are due to inclusions of iron oxide. The name "bloodstone" comes from the appearance of these red flecks, which resemble drops of blood on a green field.
Bloodstone is typically found in sedimentary rocks, often in association with other chalcedony varieties such as jasper and agate. It is most commonly sourced from India, where it has been mined for centuries. Other notable sources include Poland, Russia, and the United States. Indian bloodstone is particularly prized for its vivid red spots and deep green base, making it ideal for carving and jewelry.
Unlike aquamarine, bloodstone is not typically found in large crystals but is instead mined as nodules or in layered deposits. This makes it more suitable for small, intricate pieces such as signet rings, seals, and amulets. Its durability, combined with its striking appearance, has made it a popular choice for both functional and decorative items throughout history.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a relatively hard and durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8. This makes it suitable for everyday wear in jewelry, though it should still be handled with care to avoid scratches and impacts. It is also resistant to most acids, though it can be damaged by exposure to strong solvents or high heat.
The refractive index of aquamarine ranges from 1.56 to 1.60, which contributes to its brilliance and clarity. It is typically free of inclusions, though some stones may contain small gas bubbles or minor inclusions that do not detract from their beauty. The best aquamarine stones are clear, transparent, and exhibit a medium to deep blue color. Stones with a pale or overly greenish hue are considered less valuable.
Aquamarine is often cut into large, well-proportioned faceted stones to emphasize its color and clarity. Oval, emerald, and cushion cuts are particularly popular. Some high-quality stones are also cut into cabochons for use in pendants and rings.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it somewhat less durable than aquamarine but still suitable for use in jewelry. It is particularly well-suited for signet rings and seals, where its hardness and wear resistance are advantageous. Bloodstone is also relatively stable and is not prone to damage from light, heat, or common solvents.
The refractive index of bloodstone is approximately 1.54 to 1.55, which gives it a moderate luster. It is typically opaque or translucent, with its most distinguishing feature being the contrast between its dark green base and the red speckles. The red flecks are not inclusions but rather small deposits of iron oxide that are distributed throughout the stone.
Bloodstone is often carved or polished into small, intricate designs, particularly in the case of signet rings and amulets. It is also used in inlay work, where it is combined with other materials to create decorative patterns and designs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Aquamarine
Aquamarine has long been associated with calming and protective properties. In ancient times, it was believed to bring courage and serenity to the wearer, particularly in times of stress or uncertainty. Sailors carried aquamarine stones on their voyages as talismans of protection against storms and shipwrecks.
In modern metaphysical practices, aquamarine is believed to support the throat chakra, enhancing communication and self-expression. It is also thought to promote emotional balance and inner peace, making it a popular stone for those seeking to reduce anxiety and improve their ability to communicate effectively.
Aquamarine is also associated with purity, truth, and eternal love. It is often given as a gift to symbolize these qualities, particularly in the context of relationships and personal growth.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is one of the oldest and most revered gemstones in the history of jewelry and spiritual practice. Its red and green colors are symbolic of life and vitality, making it a powerful stone for those seeking physical and emotional strength. It is often used in healing practices and is believed to enhance the body's natural ability to recover from illness or injury.
In medieval Europe, bloodstone was considered a stone of protection and was used to make seals and signet rings. It was also worn by warriors and knights for courage and endurance in battle. Bloodstone is sometimes referred to as the "martyr's stone" in Christian tradition, due to its association with the blood of Christ.
In modern metaphysical traditions, bloodstone is believed to enhance grounding and stability. It is also said to improve intuition and creativity, making it a valuable tool for those seeking to connect with their inner wisdom and express their unique talents.
Care and Cleaning
Both aquamarine and bloodstone are relatively durable gemstones, but they do require some care to maintain their appearance and longevity.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It should be avoided using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone or the setting. To preserve its color, aquamarine should be kept away from prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, as this can cause the blue hue to fade over time.
When storing aquamarine jewelry, it is best to keep it separate from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. Aquamarine is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be allowed to acclimate gradually when moving between different environments.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is best cleaned with warm water and a mild soap. It can tolerate ultrasonic cleaning, but it is advisable to avoid steam cleaning, as this can cause the stone to become discolored or damaged. Bloodstone should also be kept away from harsh chemicals and abrasive materials.
Due to its relatively soft composition, bloodstone should be stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches. It is also important to handle bloodstone jewelry with care, as it can be more fragile than some other gemstones.
Modern Use in Jewelry
Aquamarine has remained a popular gemstone in the world of fine jewelry, particularly in the 20th and 21st centuries. Its clear, cool blue color makes it a versatile stone that complements both classic and contemporary designs. One of the most iconic examples of aquamarine jewelry is the 4.26ct Tiffany & Co. Oval Aquamarine ring, which features baguette cut diamonds and a design that evokes the serenity of the ocean. This piece exemplifies the elegance and sophistication of aquamarine in high-end jewelry.
Bloodstone, while less commonly featured in modern jewelry, has retained its appeal for more traditional or symbolic pieces. Its bold appearance makes it a popular choice for signet rings, particularly in European and Middle Eastern cultures. Bloodstone is also used in custom jewelry for those seeking a more unique and meaningful piece.
Both aquamarine and bloodstone are available in a range of styles, from delicate pendants and earrings to bold rings and bracelets. They are particularly popular for birthstone jewelry, as they offer a meaningful way to celebrate a loved one’s birthday.
Conclusion
March's dual birthstones—aquamarine and bloodstone—represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. Aquamarine, with its serene blue hues and connection to the sea, evokes a sense of calm and clarity. Bloodstone, with its bold red and green appearance and ties to the earth, embodies strength and resilience. Together, they reflect the balance of the vernal equinox and the renewal of life that defines the month of March.
These gemstones continue to captivate collectors, jewelers, and gemstone enthusiasts alike. Whether worn as a piece of fine jewelry or used in spiritual and metaphysical practices, aquamarine and bloodstone offer a rich tapestry of meaning and beauty. Their enduring appeal is a testament to the power of gemstones to connect us with the natural world and with our own inner selves.