The Dual Gem Legacy of July: Ruby and Onyx

July is the only month in the modern birthstone calendar to be associated with two gemstones—ruby and onyx. While ruby is the more widely recognized and celebrated of the two, onyx carries its own rich history and symbolism. This duality is not merely a matter of aesthetic variety; it reflects the deep historical and cultural roots of gemstone lore, as well as the evolving standards of jewelry design and availability. This article delves into the geological, historical, and symbolic significance of both ruby and onyx, offering a comprehensive exploration of their roles as July's birthstones.

July’s birthstone tradition dates back to ancient times, with gemstones being assigned to months based on their availability and symbolic meanings. The duality of ruby and onyx for July is a relatively modern arrangement, formalized by the Jewelers of America in the 1950s as part of an effort to standardize and modernize birthstone designations. Prior to this, a broader array of stones was considered appropriate for July, including onyx and turquoise, among others.

The ruby, with its deep red hue and fiery brilliance, has long been associated with passion, vitality, and courage. In contrast, onyx, with its sleek, dark appearance, is often linked to protection, strength, and grounding. Together, these two stones reflect the multifaceted nature of July-born individuals and the month itself—both vibrant and enduring.

This article will explore the geological formation and mineralogical properties of ruby and onyx, their historical and cultural significance, their metaphysical associations, and practical care and maintenance tips for those who own jewelry featuring these stones. By the end of this article, readers will have a thorough understanding of why these two gemstones are celebrated as the birthstones of July.

History and Lore of July’s Birthstones

The historical journey of ruby and onyx is marked by their enduring roles in various cultures across time. These stones have been revered not only for their beauty but also for their symbolic and practical significance.

Ruby: A Symbol of Kings and Love

Ruby has been known and prized for millennia. Ancient Sanskrit texts refer to ruby as ratnaraj, meaning “king of gems,” a title that underscores its regal status. In medieval Europe, ruby was believed to possess protective qualities, with some legends claiming that it could deflect arrows and prevent poison from taking effect. Renaissance artists used ruby powder to create vivid red pigments for religious and mythological paintings.

By the early 20th century, ruby had become firmly associated with passion, vitality, and love. Its designation as the modern birthstone for July was formalized in 1912 by the Jewelers of America, making it the most widely recognized of July’s two birthstones. The ruby’s fiery red color and exceptional hardness (9 on the Mohs scale) made it an ideal gemstone for both decorative and symbolic purposes.

In ancient and medieval traditions, ruby was also used in royal regalia and religious artifacts. It was often believed to bring good fortune and to enhance the wearer’s courage and leadership qualities. This association with power and nobility is one reason why ruby remains a popular choice for high-value jewelry and heirloom pieces.

Onyx: A Stone of Strength and Protection

While ruby’s history is steeped in royal and romantic symbolism, onyx has been valued for its more grounded and protective qualities. Onyx is a form of chalcedony, a quartz mineral that comes in a wide range of colors and patterns. The black or banded varieties of onyx have been used for thousands of years in both practical and ceremonial contexts.

In ancient Mesopotamia, onyx was carved into seals to authenticate official documents and decrees. Roman generals and warriors were known to wear onyx to invoke the strength and ferocity of the god Mars. The Victorians, particularly during the 19th century, used onyx in mourning jewelry, often set in black or dark-colored settings to honor the deceased.

In contrast to ruby’s vibrant energy, onyx is often associated with calm, protection, and resilience. It was considered a stone that could help the wearer remain composed under pressure and to ward off negative influences. This duality—ruby as a symbol of passion and onyx as a symbol of protection—makes them a fitting pair for July.

The historical significance of onyx is further reinforced by its role in traditional birthstone lists, which predate the modern standardization. Onyx was considered a July birthstone in earlier systems, making it a natural partner to ruby in the dual birthstone designation.

Geological Formation and Sources of Ruby and Onyx

Understanding the geological origins of ruby and onyx provides insight into their rarity, beauty, and the conditions under which they form. Both gemstones have distinct formation processes and are found in specific regions around the world.

Ruby: The Red Corundum

Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The deep red color of ruby is due to the presence of chromium or vanadium impurities. The most famous ruby deposits are found in Burmah (Myanmar), where the gem is known as "Burmese ruby." These rubies are highly valued for their intense red color, often described as "pigeon’s blood."

Ruby forms in metamorphic rock environments, particularly in regions where limestone is subjected to high heat and pressure. This process, known as metamorphic transformation, causes the minerals in the rock to recrystallize and form new structures. The presence of chromium or vanadium in the surrounding rock is what gives the corundum its red color.

Other notable ruby-producing countries include Thailand, India, Vietnam, and Mozambique. The quality and color of rubies can vary significantly depending on the geological conditions in which they form. For example, rubies from Thailand tend to have a more pinkish hue, while those from Vietnam often have a purplish tone.

Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, with a Mohs hardness of 9, second only to diamond. This high hardness makes it suitable for use in a wide range of jewelry, including rings and bracelets, where it is less likely to be scratched or damaged.

Onyx: The Banded Chalcedony

Onyx, a form of chalcedony, is a microcrystalline quartz that forms in sedimentary and volcanic rock environments. Unlike ruby, onyx is not a rare gemstone and is often more affordable. It is characterized by its parallel banding, which can range from solid black to white and brown or even red and brown.

The most well-known onyx is the black onyx, which is often used in mourning jewelry and protective amulets. It is primarily found in India, Brazil, and the United States. The banding in onyx is the result of alternating layers of silica and impurities, such as iron and manganese, which form during the slow cooling of lava or the deposition of minerals in sedimentary rock.

Onyx is much softer than ruby, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it more susceptible to scratches and damage. This is why onyx is often used in pendants, earrings, and other types of jewelry where it is less likely to be subjected to heavy wear.

Despite its relative softness, onyx is prized for its smooth surface, durability, and ability to take a high polish. It is also easy to carve, which is why it has been used in seals, cameos, and other intricate designs throughout history.

Gemological Properties of Ruby and Onyx

To fully appreciate ruby and onyx as July’s birthstones, it is important to understand their gemological properties, including their color, clarity, cut, and carat weight. These properties not only affect the appearance and value of the gemstones but also influence how they are used in jewelry and other applications.

Ruby: The King of Gems

Color:
The most valuable rubies are those with a deep red to purplish-red color, often referred to as "pigeon’s blood." This coloration is due to the presence of chromium in the corundum crystal structure. Rubies with too much iron tend to have a brownish or orangish cast, which reduces their value. The color saturation and tone are major factors in determining the quality and price of a ruby.

Clarity:
Rubies often contain inclusions—small imperfections or “flaws” that can affect their appearance and durability. In ruby, these inclusions are often referred to as "silk" and can actually enhance the stone’s beauty by giving it a velvety or hazy appearance. However, large or visible inclusions can weaken the gemstone and reduce its value.

Cut:
The most popular cuts for ruby include the emerald cut, oval cut, and cushion cut, which help to enhance the gemstone’s color and brilliance. The emerald cut, in particular, is favored for its ability to showcase the ruby’s deep red color and clarity. The brilliant cut is less commonly used for ruby because it can cause the color to appear too dark or too bright, depending on the lighting.

Carat Weight:
Rubies can range in size from tiny stones used in settings to large, high-value gems. The larger the ruby, the rarer and more valuable it tends to be, especially if it has a high-quality color and clarity. However, even small rubies can be highly valuable if they exhibit excellent color and minimal inclusions.

Hardness and Durability:
With a Mohs hardness of 9, ruby is one of the hardest and most durable gemstones, making it suitable for use in rings, bracelets, and other types of jewelry. However, ruby can be susceptible to cleavage, a weakness in the crystal structure that can cause it to break if struck in the right direction.

Onyx: The Grounded Gem

Color and Banding:
Onyx is best known for its black or banded appearance, with the most popular variety being black onyx. The banding in onyx is the result of alternating layers of silica and impurities, such as iron and manganese. While black onyx is the most common and traditional form, onyx can also occur in white, brown, and even red and brown banded varieties.

Clarity:
Onyx is generally very clear and smooth, with few visible inclusions. Because it is a microcrystalline quartz, it does not have the same type of inclusions as ruby or other gemstones. This makes onyx an excellent choice for cameos, engravings, and other intricate designs.

Cut:
Onyx is often cut into cabochons, which are smooth, rounded shapes without facets. This is because the stone’s banding and smooth surface are best displayed in a cabochon cut. Onyx can also be cut into faceted shapes, but these are less common due to the stone’s softness and susceptibility to scratches.

Carat Weight:
Onyx is generally more affordable and available in larger sizes than ruby. This makes it a popular choice for pendants, earrings, and other types of jewelry where larger stones can be used without significantly increasing the cost.

Hardness and Durability:
With a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, onyx is softer than ruby and is more prone to scratching and chipping. It is also susceptible to acid and other harsh chemicals, which can dull its surface or cause damage. For this reason, onyx is best suited for jewelry that is not subjected to heavy wear, such as pendants and earrings.

Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs

The symbolic and metaphysical associations of ruby and onyx have been passed down through generations, influencing their use in jewelry, rituals, and personal adornment. These beliefs vary across cultures but often emphasize the emotional, spiritual, and physical qualities attributed to the stones.

Ruby: Passion, Power, and Prosperity

Ruby is one of the most powerful and passionate gemstones, often associated with love, courage, and vitality. In many cultures, ruby is seen as a stone of life, representing the heart and the life force. It is believed to enhance the wearer’s confidence, strength, and leadership qualities, making it an ideal stone for those in positions of authority or leadership.

In ancient India, ruby was considered the “king of gems” and was used in royal regalia and religious ceremonies. It was believed to bring good fortune, protection, and divine favor to the wearer. In medieval Europe, ruby was associated with the blood of Christ and was used in religious artifacts and jewelry to symbolize sacrifice and devotion.

Modern metaphysical beliefs also associate ruby with passion, creativity, and vitality. It is often used in love and relationship rituals, as well as in healing and energy work to stimulate the heart and solar plexus chakras. Ruby is also believed to enhance mental clarity and emotional strength, helping the wearer to overcome fear, doubt, and negativity.

Onyx: Protection, Strength, and Grounding

Onyx is often associated with protection, strength, and grounding. In ancient Rome, onyx was used to invoke the strength and power of the god Mars, and it was believed to protect warriors and leaders from harm. In Victorian England, onyx was used in mourning jewelry, symbolizing resilience and remembrance in the face of loss.

Modern metaphysical beliefs associate onyx with emotional stability, self-control, and resilience. It is believed to help the wearer remain calm and composed under pressure, making it an ideal stone for those in stressful or high-stakes environments. Onyx is also used in energy work to ground the wearer and to block negative influences.

Onyx is particularly associated with the root chakra, the energy center responsible for grounding, stability, and physical health. It is believed to help the wearer feel more connected to the earth and to maintain a sense of balance and security. Onyx is also used in healing rituals to promote physical and emotional recovery, particularly after injury or trauma.

Care and Cleaning of Ruby and Onyx

Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of ruby and onyx jewelry. Due to their different hardness levels and chemical properties, the cleaning and care methods for these stones can vary significantly.

Cleaning Ruby

Daily Cleaning:
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, with a Mohs hardness of 9, making it resistant to scratches and abrasions. However, it is still important to clean ruby jewelry regularly to maintain its brilliance and clarity.

Cleaning Method:
- Warm soapy water is the safest and most effective way to clean ruby. Use a soft brush, such as a toothbrush, to gently scrub the stone and remove dirt and debris. - Ultrasonic cleaners can be used for ruby, but only if the stone is free of inclusions or cracks that could be damaged by the vibrations. - Steam cleaners are not recommended for ruby, as the sudden temperature changes can cause the stone to crack.

Avoiding Damage:
- Avoid exposing ruby to harsh chemicals, such as acids, bleach, and ammonia, which can damage the stone’s surface or cause it to lose its color. - Avoid extreme temperatures, as ruby can be susceptible to thermal shock, which can cause it to crack or fracture.

Storage:
- Store ruby jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching. - Wrap ruby in a soft cloth before storing to protect it from dust and physical damage.

Cleaning Onyx

Daily Cleaning:
Onyx is much softer than ruby, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it more susceptible to scratches and damage. It is also more sensitive to harsh chemicals, so it requires gentle and careful cleaning.

Cleaning Method:
- Warm soapy water is the safest way to clean onyx. Use a soft cloth or brush to gently wipe the stone and remove dirt and debris. - Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause the stone to crack or become dull. - Avoid using abrasive cleaners, such as toilet bowl cleaner or bleach, which can damage the surface of the stone.

Avoiding Damage:
- Avoid exposing onyx to acid, as it can dissolve the surface of the stone and cause it to lose its luster. - Avoid exposing onyx to extreme temperatures, as it can be susceptible to thermal shock.

Storage:
- Store onyx separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. - Wrap onyx in a soft cloth before storing to protect it from dust and physical damage.

Conclusion

July’s dual birthstones—ruby and onyx—represent a unique and meaningful combination of passion, protection, and power. Ruby, with its deep red color and regal associations, has long been celebrated as a symbol of love, vitality, and courage. Onyx, with its sleek, dark appearance, has been valued for its protective and grounding qualities, making it a fitting complement to ruby.

The historical significance of both gemstones is reflected in their use in royal regalia, religious artifacts, and personal adornment. Their geological properties, from ruby’s hardness and brilliance to onyx’s smooth surface and banding, make them both beautiful and durable in the right settings.

While ruby is the more widely recognized and valuable of the two, onyx holds its own as a timeless and versatile gemstone with a rich history and symbolic meaning. Together, they form a fascinating and enduring legacy for July-born individuals and gemstone enthusiasts alike.