The month of March is uniquely associated with two distinct and historically significant gemstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. While aquamarine, with its serene blue hues, is often linked to calmness and tranquility, bloodstone, characterized by its deep green base and crimson specks, is a symbol of courage and vitality. These birthstones carry both scientific intrigue and cultural resonance, making them not only decorative treasures but also timeless emblems of meaning and protection. This article delves into the origins, gemological properties, historical narratives, and modern appeal of the March birthstones, drawing from comprehensive and authoritative data.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to birth months dates back centuries, with roots in both ancient mystical beliefs and medieval European practices. While aquamarine is widely embraced today as a March birthstone, its lineage can be traced to the myths of classical antiquity. The earliest recorded use of aquamarine in jewelry is attributed to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who believed it to be a gift of the sea. Sailors, in particular, carried aquamarine talismans etched with the likeness of Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, under the belief that the stone would protect them from the perils of the ocean. A more practical belief, especially in early medicinal traditions, suggested that drinking water in which aquamarine had been soaked could cure ailments of the heart, liver, and stomach.
Conversely, bloodstone is one of the oldest known gemstones associated with healing and protection. Known in ancient texts as "heliotrope" or "sunstone" for its ability to reflect sunlight, bloodstone has been prized since the dawn of civilization. One of the most cited and consistent legends in historical sources attributes its vivid red inclusions to the symbolic blood of Christ. According to this popular belief, the stone was formed when drops of Christ’s blood fell upon a piece of green jasper during his crucifixion. This origin story, though not supported by gemological evidence, has contributed to its long-standing symbolism of vitality, strength, and courage.
In terms of adoption as a modern birthstone, the inclusion of bloodstone as a partner to aquamarine is more contemporary. March was one of the first months to be assigned a dual birthstone, reflecting the diversity of gemstone options and their varied significances. The choice of these two stones was also influenced by their contrasting palettes: a bright, calming blue versus a bold, fiery green — each offering a different aesthetic and symbolic value.
From a historical standpoint, aquamarine has remained a more commercially recognized and globally popular gem. Its association with water and the natural world has positioned it as a perennial favorite among jewelers and collectors. Bloodstone, on the other hand, has seen fluctuations in popularity, often regaining attention during periods emphasizing alternative gemstones and historical jewelry traditions.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a member of the beryl mineral family (chemical formula Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆), alongside well-known gemstones such as emerald and morganite. The blue coloring of aquamarine is primarily due to the presence of trace amounts of iron (Fe²⁺) within the crystal lattice. The intensity of the blue varies depending on the amount of iron impurities and the conditions under which the stone formed. Aquamarine’s formation is closely tied to granite pegmatite deposits, typically occurring in high-temperature hydrothermal environments.
Major sources of aquamarine include Brazil, which is perhaps the most well-known producer. The country's El Desecho Pegmatite Mine in Paraíba, though better known for tourmaline, also yields aquamarine. Additionally, Colombia, Zambia, and the United States (particularly North Carolina and Maine) are significant contributors to the global supply. The gem’s accessibility and the presence of large deposits in Brazil have kept aquamarine relatively affordable compared to rarer beryls such as emerald. Despite this, high-quality aquamarine—especially deep blue stones with excellent clarity and minimal inclusions—can still command a premium in the jewelry market.
Bloodstone, in contrast, is a type of jasper, a cryptocrystalline form of silica (mainly quartz), which classifies it as an aggregate rather than a single mineral crystal like aquamarine. It forms through the partial crystallization of igneous rocks and is typically found in regions with volcanic activity. The green base color comes from chlorite or actinolite inclusions, while the characteristic red spots are caused by minute particles of hematite, an iron oxide.
Historically, India, particularly the state of Rajasthan, has been the leading source of bloodstone for centuries. However, other important producers include Brazil, China, and the Czech Republic. The availability of high-quality material has varied over time; indeed, sources report dwindling deposits in traditional mining regions, which has increased the value of certain premium-grade stones.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of both aquamarine and bloodstone is essential for appreciating their beauty and applications in jewelry. Aquamarine is a relatively hard gem, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8, making it suitable for most types of jewelry, including rings. Its durability is comparable to topaz and slightly less than that of quartz or garnet. Aquamarine also has a refractive index ranging from 1.57 to 1.58 and a specific gravity of 2.66 to 2.80. Because it is non-porous and resistant to acid, it is relatively easy to care for and suitable for regular use.
The stone exhibits a vitreous (glassy) luster and is usually found as inclusions-free or with a few minor internal features. It is a trichroic gem, meaning it can reflect different colors depending on the viewer’s angle. Lighter tones of aquamarine tend to be more stable in terms of color, whereas deeper blue stones can occasionally fade over time if exposed to prolonged sunlight. Heat treatment is a common and accepted practice in the industry to enhance the blue color by removing iron-related yellowish tints.
Bloodstone, on the other hand, has a much lower Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, which means it is more prone to scratching and should be handled with care in jewelry settings. Its hardness, combined with its opaque nature and irregular pattern of red inclusions, gives it a distinctive look but limits its typical use in pieces that are subject to frequent wear. The gem has an oily to waxy luster and a specific gravity of 2.55 to 2.7, with a refractive index between 1.48 and 1.55. Unlike aquamarine, it is porous and may absorb oils and dirt, which is why thorough cleaning requires gentle methods.
One of the key differences between the two stones is their treatment and enhancement potential. Unlike aquamarine, which is commonly heat-treated to improve its color, bloodstone typically remains untreated. Any enhancements are limited to surface polishing or the use of dyes to intensify its red spots—though the latter is less common in high-quality specimens.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolic meanings associated with aquamarine and bloodstone have evolved across time and geographies, influencing their use in both jewelry and personal adornment as vehicles of protection and well-being.
Aquamarine has long been linked to serenity and tranquility. In some cultures, it is considered a stone of peace that enhances communication and eloquence. It was believed by medieval navigators to keep the calming influence of the sea and prevent hostile weather and capsize. In more contemporary metaphysical systems, the gem is associated with mental clarity and is used in meditation and spiritual practices to open the Throat and Heart chakras. Some sources even suggest it brings emotional healing after heartbreak or loss.
Bloodstone, as a birthstone symbolizes vitality and courage. Its deep green hue is considered to have a balancing and grounding effect on the body and mind, while the red inclusions are thought to represent lifeblood and energy. It has been associated with the Heart and Root chakras in modern energy work and is used by practitioners for its purported ability to increase vitality and reduce stress. Historically, it was also used as a protective stone for warriors and travelers, believed to help them maintain composure in perilous situations.
Interestingly, the use of bloodstone for healing is not without scientific merit. Its iron content, which is responsible for the red spots, suggests ferruginous properties that could be relevant in ancient blood-related tonics or herbal remedies. While no scientific evidence supports these uses today, the belief in the gem’s power to heal and strengthen endured for centuries, especially in Asia and the Middle East.
Both stones, therefore, reflect a fascinating intersection between scientific composition and cultural interpretation. Whether viewed through the lens of gemology or through its embedded stories and traditions, the March birthstones offer a rich symbolic tapestry that adds value beyond their visual appeal.
Care and Cleaning
Because both aquamarine and bloodstone are used in jewelry, especially necklaces, earrings, and rings, it is important to understand how to properly care for these pieces to ensure their longevity and continued beauty.
Aquamarine, being a relatively durable gemstone, can generally be cleaned using mild soapy water and a soft cloth. Because of its higher hardness and non-porous nature, it can also be safely cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner or steam cleaner. However, it should be kept away from very hot water or sudden temperature changes, which can cause fractures. Additionally, care should be taken to avoid contact with harsh chemicals such as bleach or chlorine.
Bloodstone, however, requires more gentle handling. Due to its lower hardness and porosity, exposure to harsh chemicals, excessive heat, and abrasive cleaning methods can damage the stone or strip away its polish. The best practice for cleaning bloodstone is to use lukewarm water with a mild detergent and a soft cloth for polishing. It should never be placed in an ultrasonic or steam cleaner, as these can damage its surface. To maintain its vibrant red inclusions and green hue, it is also advisable to store the stone in a soft cloth or jewelry box, away from harder gems that might scratch its surface.
Proper storage is essential for both gems. When stored separately from scratch-prone stones, especially in a jewelry box where individual compartments exist, the risk of damage is minimized. Bloodstone, in particular, is not frequently set in rings or worn daily, so it is best to treat it as a special piece that is admired and cherished, rather than subjected to constant wear and tear.
Conclusion
The March birthstones, aquamarine and bloodstone, offer a diverse array of properties, symbolism, and cultural heritage. Aquamarine, with its soft blue tones, ancient maritime connections, and durability, is a gem that appeals to a wide range of jewelry enthusiasts and spiritual seekers alike. Its geological composition and treatment practices reflect both its natural beauty and the enhancements used to bring out its best features.
Bloodstone, in contrast, stands as a testament to the stone's historical and metaphysical significance. Its formation process, symbolic meaning, and occasional ties to ancient healing practices make it a unique and powerful gem. Although less commonly used in modern jewelry due to its relatively lower hardness and opaque nature, it retains charm and meaning for those drawn to its historical significance and bold coloration.
Together, these two gemstones represent the rich interplay between nature, science, and tradition. Whether chosen for their aesthetic qualities, symbolic meanings, or historical legacy, aquamarine and bloodstone will continue to be treasured as birthstones and beyond.