December is one of the most diverse and symbolically rich months of the year, not only for its cultural and seasonal celebrations but also for its association with three primary birthstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon. Additionally, Blue Topaz is recognized as an alternative December birthstone in some modern references, particularly in the United States. These gemstones reflect the month’s festive spirit through their beautiful blue and violet hues while carrying deep-rooted meanings that span ancient traditions to contemporary gemology.
This article explores the significance, properties, and history of each of these December birthstones. With an emphasis on factual information derived from reputable sources, it provides an in-depth understanding of their formation, cultural symbolism, and enduring appeal in jewelry.
History and Lore
Ancient Prestige of Turquoise
Turquoise is by far the oldest known of December’s birthstones, with historical records tracing its use back over 4,000 years. It was greatly valued in ancient Egypt, where it adorned the sacred Ubar mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. The stone was often inlaid into religious talismans, amulets, and even royal regalia. In the Middle East, turquoise was associated with divine protection and was commonly used in jewelry for both men and women.
Early trade routes brought turquoise into Europe through Turkish markets, which is where it got its name from the French 'pierre turquoise' or 'Turkish stone'. Native American cultures, particularly the Navajo and Hopi tribes, have also adopted turquoise as a sacred gemstone, using it in ceremonial jewelry to symbolize harmony and spiritual strength.
According to many ancient beliefs, turquoise was considered to be a gemstone that could warn its wearer of impending illness or danger by fading in color. This attribute led to its widespread use as a protective amulet among various ancient civilizations, including the Tibetans and the Incas, who used it as currency and religious offerings.
Zircon and Tanzanite, although more recent in the birthstone lineup, also carry a rich historical and spiritual heritage that enhances their significance in December jewelry tradition.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological processes behind each December birthstone helps distinguish their rarity and beauty.
Turquoise Formation
Turquoise is not a mineral but a hydrous phosphate of aluminum and copper. It forms in arid regions, typically in the oxidation zones of copper deposits. The groundwater rich in these minerals flows through fractured rock—often limestone or volcanic rock—and slowly accumulates, creating deposits over time. As the turquoise solidifies, it develops its characteristic blue to greenish-blue hue, often streaked with black or brown patterns known as matrix, which is a signature aesthetic of the stone.
The most well-known sources of turquoise include Persia (modern-day Iran), the Sinai Peninsula, the southwestern United States (especially Nevada and Arizona), and Burma. The quality and coloration of turquoise can vary depending on the concentration of copper and the specific minerals in the surrounding rock.
Tanzanite Formation
Tanzanite is a relatively modern gem. It was first discovered in the 1960s in Tanzania, near the Merelani Hills, a region characterized by metamorphic rock formations. Tanzanite is actually a trichroic mineral—it displays different colors depending on the angle of observation, typically blue, violet, and brown.
It is formed through a unique combination of geological processes. The intense heat and pressure from tectonic activity alter the mineral zoisite, giving rise to tanzanite’s vibrant blue-violet hue. Due to the rarity of the specific conditions required for its formation, Tanzania remains the world's only source of tanzanite.
Blue Zircon Formation
Blue zircon is a tectosilicate mineral with a zirconium silicate composition, known for its vibrant blue tones caused by trace amounts of manganese and subsequent heat treatment. Naturally occurring blue zircons are rare, so most blue zircons on the market today are treated to enhance their color.
Zircon is found in many parts of the world, including Australia, Sri Lanka, India, and South Africa, where about 70% of the world’s zircon supply is produced. Zircon is known for its high refractive index, often making it a popular substitute for diamond due to its brilliance. Some of the finest zircons with the most intense blue color were mined in the Matura Valley of Sri Lanka, hence the term "Matura Diamond" for colorless zircons from this region.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise
- Color: Ranges from rich blue to deep green, depending on the amount of copper and iron in the stone.
- Hardness: 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale.
- Cleavage/Fracture: Uneven to conchoidal.
- Luster: Waxy to dull.
- Composition: Hydrous phosphate of aluminum and copper (chemical formula: Al₂(OH)₃PO₄).
Turquoise is an opaque stone, unlike many other gemstones, with a distinctive marbled or veined pattern. Its low hardness makes it relatively fragile and sensitive to harsh chemicals and heat, requiring special care when wearing and cleaning.
Tanzanite
- Color: Deep blue to violet-blue, with occasional brown inclusions.
- Hardness: 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale.
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction.
- Luster: Vitreous to greasy.
- Composition: Calcium aluminum silicate (chemical formula: Ca₂Al₃Si₃O₁₂(OH)).
Tanzanite is a trichroic gem, which means it exhibits three different colors when viewed from different angles. The deep blue and violet hues are achieved through heat treatment, which enhances the stone’s clarity and vibrancy.
Blue Zircon
- Color: Vibrant blue (naturally or treated).
- Hardness: 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale.
- Cleavage: Basal; brittle.
- Luster: Vitreous to adamantine when faceted.
- Composition: Zirconium silicate (chemical formula: ZrSiO₄).
Blue zircons are known for their brilliance and dispersion, often giving them a fiery "fire-like" sparkle that resembles a diamond. While natural blue zircons are rare, modern gem treatments have made them more accessible and affordable, especially as a birthstone or diamond substitute in jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Properties
The metaphysical beliefs and symbolic meanings attributed to December's birthstones often transcend cultures and historical periods.
Turquoise – Protection and Harmony
Turquoise is one of the most ancient stones associated with protection. It is believed to ward off curses and evil spirits, making it a popular choice for amulets and talismans. In many indigenous cultures, turquoise is regarded as a stone that promotes emotional healing, spiritual awareness, and personal empowerment.
It is also linked to good luck and prosperity. In Tibet, turquoise stones have been used as currency and are considered a symbol of the heavens and earth’s harmony. In ancient Egypt, it was thought to bring divine favor and was often used in sacred rituals and funerary practices. Some sources suggest that holding a turquoise during a new moon could bring one closer to wealth and fortune—beliefs held by both Native Americans and Hindu mystics.
Tanzanite – Intuition and Expression
Tanzanite is regarded as a stone of transformation and wisdom. It is believed to heighten intuition, encouraging emotional expression and deepening one's connection to the spiritual world. The deep blue of tanzanite is often associated with serenity, loyalty, and the power of communication.
As the rarest of the December birthstones, tanzanite is also a symbol of exclusivity and individuality. It was popularized in the 1960s and has since become a gemstone of choice for those seeking a balance between modern elegance and mystical properties. Some sources suggest that it is particularly beneficial for those in healing professions, aiding in emotional clarity and compassion.
Blue Zircon – Confidence and Energy
Blue zircon is believed to boost confidence, optimism, and vitality. In medieval times, it was used by physicians to enhance their diagnostic accuracy. In ancient India, wearing zircons in gold was considered beneficial for health and energy.
As one of the few gemstones with a refractive index close to diamond, blue zircon symbolizes brilliance and the pursuit of high aspirations. It is also associated with mental alertness and emotional stability, making it a popular choice for those seeking clarity in their personal or professional lives.
Care and Cleaning of December’s Birthstones
Proper care is essential to preserve the luster and integrity of December’s birthstones, especially given their varied hardness and sensitivity to environmental factors.
Turquoise Handling and Maintenance
- Avoid chemicals: Turquoise is highly sensitive to soaps, detergents, and oils. Avoid wearing it while swimming, in the shower, or during strenuous physical activities.
- No harsh heat: Prolonged exposure to heat can dry out the stone and dull its color.
- Cleaning method: Gently clean with a soft, damp cloth to remove surface dirt.
Turquoise is best displayed in dried and stable environments to prevent it from deteriorating over time.
Tanzanite Care Tips
- Avoid high heat and sudden impacts: Tanzanite has a perfect cleavage, so it can be chipped or cracked if struck.
- Use mild cleaning solutions: Clean with warm, soapy water and a soft brush or a jewelry cloth.
- Store separately: To prevent scratching, store it in a soft pouch or container away from harder gemstones.
Though durable for a softer gemstone, tanzanite requires gentle handling and protection from extreme conditions.
Blue Zircon Maintenance
- Avoid abrasive cleaners: Zircons should never be exposed to harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaning tools.
- Ultrasonic cleaners are safe: Some sources suggest that ultrasonic cleaners are a good option for regular cleaning.
- Store in a separate compartment: Due to its brittleness, zircon should be stored with care to avoid impacts.
As a gemstone with relatively high brilliance and refractive properties, zircon needs to be well-maintained to preserve its shiny appearance and visual appeal.
December Birthstone Jewelry
The versatility and range of colors in December's birthstones make them excellent choices for a wide variety of jewelry, from necklaces and rings to bracelets and earrings. These gemstones can be set in silver, gold, or platinum, depending on the desired look and budget.
Turquoise often appears in cuff bracelets, pendant necklaces, and statement rings, particularly in bohemian and artisan styles. Tanzanite, with its vibrant colors and modern appeal, is frequently incorporated into elegant cocktail rings and bold engagement-style pieces. Blue Zircon, with its affordable diamond-like appearance, is a popular choice for everyday or costume jewelry, as well as high-end diamond alternatives.
Blue Topaz, though an alternative birthstone, is no less significant. It is widely used in dramatic blue-hued jewelry, especially in designs that benefit from a clear, icy sparkle without the high cost of diamond.
Cultural Impact and Modern Popularity
The December birthstones have evolved from ancient mythic symbols to globally appreciated gemstones. Turquoise remains one of the most culturally significant gemstones, especially in North American and Middle Eastern traditions. Tanzanite has a more global appeal, often chosen for sophisticated jewelry and as a symbol of modern elegance.
Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz, while less traditionally symbolic, reflect the modern consumer’s appreciation for affordability and beauty. Their use in fashion and personal expression has increased due to their versatility and accessability.
December’s birthstone offerings reflect a balance between timeless heritage and contemporary innovation, making them a fitting choice for the end of the year celebrations.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz—offer a diverse and meaningful representation of the month's cultural and symbolic richness. Each stone carries a unique geological history, gemological properties, and historical significance, making them not only beautiful but deeply significant to those born in December and beyond.
From the protective and spiritual qualities of Turquoise, the dynamic transformation represented by Tanzanite, the brilliance of Blue Zircon, and the calming assurance of Blue Topaz, these gemstones are as distinct in their meanings as in their appearances.
Whether worn as a personal birthstone, a gift for a loved one, or a collectible piece of jewelry history, December’s birthstones continue to inspire, protect, and enrich the lives of those who cherish them.