March, the bridge between winter and spring, is traditionally symbolized by new beginnings, renewal, and hopeful energy. This month holds a special place in the world of gemstones, as it is associated with two distinct yet equally captivating birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. These gemstones, with their unique colors, historical backgrounds, and symbolic meanings, offer a fascinating window into the interplay of culture, minerals, and human traditions.
This article explores the historical origins, geological properties, spiritual symbolism, and jewelry applications of March's birthstones, drawing from well-researched materials that include Biblical legends, early European traditions, and early 20th-century standardizations. By examining these facets, we uncover the dual identity that defines March birthstones and deepen our appreciation for their roles in both jewelry and spiritual practices.
Historical Origins and Lore
The history of birthstones stretches back to ancient times, with one of the earliest recorded references being the 12 gemstones in the Breastplate of the High Priest, described in the Book of Exodus. These stones were believed to represent the 12 tribes of Israel and to provide divine protection, guidance, and wisdom. However, the linkage of these ancient gems to the 12 months of the year in a way that matched individual birth months evolved many centuries later.
March originally had only one official birthstone—bloodstone. This was largely influenced by the symbolic resonance of the stone during the spring equinox, which marks the return of life and nature. Bloodstone, with its vivid green base and striking red speckles, was traditionally associated with renewal and vitality, making it a fitting symbol for the new vitality of spring.
However, the modern system of birthstones as we know it today was standardized in the 20th century. In 1912, the United States National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) collaborated to create a unified list of birthstones. In 1952, the organization added aquamarine to the list for March, recognizing its increasing popularity in the jewelry industry. The aquamarine’s connection to the "first waters of spring" and its calming blue hue helped solidify its place alongside bloodstone.
Interestingly, prior to the standardized lists, the 15th and 16th centuries saw the emergence of birthstone jewelry as a commercial product in Germany and Poland, where jewelers began marketing gemstones based on the month of a person’s birth. This early tradition was popularized further in the 1800s when Tiffany & Co. published a birthstone poem in 1870. The poem for March read:
"By her who in March was born
No gem save Bloodstone shall be worn
They will ensure her constancy
True friendship and fidelity."
This further tied the concept of birthstones to personal identity and moral virtues, reinforcing their cultural and emotional significance over time.
Geological Formation and Sources
The physical origins of March’s two birthstones are as diverse as their appearances.
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a beryl mineral, chemically composed of beryllium aluminum silicate (Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆). It forms in granitic pegmatite rock—coarse-grained deposits that form from the slow cooling of magma. This allows for relatively large and well-formed crystals to grow. The characteristic blue and green colors are due to trace amounts of iron, which can vary in concentration and oxidation state, resulting in a wide range of hues from pale blue to deep sea-green.
Notable sources of fine, high-quality aquamarine include:
- Brazil, particularly the states of Minas Gerais and Santa Maria;
- Madagascar, known for producing lighter, high-clarity stones;
- Nigeria;
- The United States, where it is sourced primarily from the Pala district of California.
Aquamarine is very durable, with a Mohs hardness of 7.5–8, which makes it suitable for everyday wear in jewelry such as rings, earrings, and pendants. It is typically transparent, has a vitreous luster, and is free from inclusions in the highest quality grades.
Bloodstone
In contrast, bloodstone is a type of heliodor chalcedony, a form of microcrystalline quartz. Its deep green base is due to the presence of chlorite or microscopic veins of green mineral, while the red spots (usually specks) are caused by hematite or iron oxide inclusions. The term “bloodstone” is widely used in jewelry and alternative medicine, though it is not a mineralogical term but rather a colloquial name for this particular type of jasper or chalcedony.
Historical sources of bloodstone include:
- India, especially the Gardner’s Rock region, a famous source since ancient times;
- Czech Republic, historically mined in the Bohemia region;
- Australia, South Africa, and parts of the United States.
Bloodstone is typically opaque or translucent, with a waxy to vitreous luster, and a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7, which is slightly lower than aquamarine. It is commonly cut into cabochons—rounded, polished surfaces without facets—to emphasize the color and inclusions, and it is popular in rings, pendants, and bracelets.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the scientific and physical attributes of aquamarine and bloodstone is crucial for both jewelry designers and gemstone enthusiasts. These properties influence how the stones are handled, cut, and used in different types of fine jewelry.
Aquamarine
- Chemical Formula: Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7.5–8
- Specific Gravity: 2.66–2.80
- Refractive Index: 1.57–1.58
- Luster: Vitreous
- Crystal System: Hexagonal (hexagonal prismatic crystals)
- Color: Transparent blue to blue-green
- Cleavage: Basal, very perfect and visible
- Inclusions: Typically few; can contain small inclusions depending on origin
- Treatment: Often heat-treated to enhance color (noted in reputable GIA and GG reports)
- Occurrence: Formed in granitic pegmatites
Aquamarine is a relatively hard and stable gemstone, especially when compared to other popular semi-precious stones. This allows it to be faceted into highly reflective shapes that display brilliance and clarity—a major part of its appeal in fine jewelry. Its transparency and color stability make it a highly desirable and commercially viable gem for mass production and custom pieces.
Bloodstone
- Chemical Composition: Silica-based (SiO₂), with inclusions of iron (for red spots) and chlorite or other minerals (for green base)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6.5–7
- Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64
- Refractive Index: 1.48–1.53
- Luster: Waxy or vitreous
- Color: Deep green with red flecks
- Transparency: Typically opaque, sometimes translucent
- Formation: Often found in terrestrial volcanic rocks, sedimentary layers, or in weathered basalt
- Treatments: Occasionally sealed with resin or wax to enhance durability
- Cutting: Usually cabochon to highlight the inclusions and color contrast
Bloodstone, though softer and more brittle than aquamarine, has a mystical, earthy appeal that fits well with vintage-style or bohemian jewelry. Its surface texture and visible inclusions offer a textural contrast, making it a unique option for those seeking statement pieces rather than daily wear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolic and spiritual meanings of aquamarine and bloodstone have evolved over centuries, drawing from mythology, medicine, and mysticism.
Aquamarine
- Ancient Associations: Known as the “sailor’s stone”, aquamarine was believed by ancient mariners to calm the seas and protect sailors from shipwrecks. It was also thought to help in legal battles and ensure a favourable outcome in court.
- Ancient Roman and Greek cultures associated it with the twin deities Neptune and Poseidon, reinforcing its connection to the sea and water.
- Modern Meaning: Symbolizes calm, clarity, protection, and purity. It is believed to promote serenity and courage, helping the wearer remain composed during emotional or mental stress.
- Metaphysical Properties:
- Enhances communication and expression;
- Supports emotional healing and mental clarity;
- Believed to help with relieving anxiety and aiding dream recall.
Bloodstone
- Ancient Beliefs: Known as “heliotaurus” in ancient Greece, derived from the words for sun and bull, it was thought to have warming properties that could strengthen blood and vitality.
- Medieval and early Christian traditions used bloodstone as a healing gem, particularly in treating blood-related ailments. It was also associated with religious iconography, especially in depictions of the saints' martyrdom.
- Modern Meaning: Symbolizes strength, vitality, and purification. It is known as the “blood of the Earth”, connecting to life force energy and internal resilience.
- Metaphysical Properties:
- Enhances personal power and courage;
- Balances mood and emotional extremes;
- Stimulates energy flow and self-sufficiency;
- Used in chakra work, particularly for the root and heart chakra.
Both stones have been historically attributed with not just emotional but physical healing abilities, especially in holistic and crystal healing traditions. While not scientifically proven, these beliefs underscore the cultural and psychological value attributed to gemstones.
Jewelry and Design Considerations
March birthstone jewelry has evolved to reflect both traditional and contemporary tastes, with aquamarine and bloodstone each offering distinct design opportunities.
Aquamarine Jewelry
Aquamarine’s vibrant blue colour and high durability make it an excellent gemstone for everyday jewelry. It is often cut into faceted forms like ovals or cushions to maximize brilliance and fire. Popular applications include:
- Engagement rings;
- Necklaces and earrings;
- Dress watches and cufflinks;
- Stackable rings or vintage brooches.
Aquamarine pairs well with white gold, platinum, and even rose gold, and its neutrality makes it compatible with other stones like sapphires or diamonds in cluster or pave settings.
Bloodstone Jewelry
Due to its distinctive appearance and softer structure, bloodstone is more commonly used in statement or symbolic jewelry rather than daily wear. It is often cut as a cabochon, allowing the iron oxide inclusions to take center stage. Typical jewelry forms include:
- Bracelets with multiple cut stones;
- Rings with wide, protective bands;
- Pendants in raw or carved shapes;
- Charm necklaces for spiritual or personal growth purposes.
Bloodstone works well with yellow gold, silver, or unpolished metals like oxidized or patinated copper or brass, enhancing the earthy aesthetic.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserve the beauty and longevity of March birthstone jewelry.
Aquamarine Care
- Soaking in warm, soapy water is recommended for regular cleaning;
- Ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution, as inclusions may affect the stone;
- Avoid chemical solvents and steam cleaners;
- Store separately from harder stones to prevent surface scratches.
Bloodstone Care
- Best cleaned with a damp cloth or soft brush to remove dust and surface oils;
- Avoid immersion in water or chemical-based cleaners;
- Use a mineral oil or beeswax polish to enhance luster;
- Handle with care to avoid chipping or breaking due to brittle structure.
Both gemstones can benefit from professional polishing every six to twelve months, especially if worn regularly or exposed to abrasives.
Conclusion
March, with its themes of renewal and transformation, finds a fitting symbolic expression in its dual birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. These gemstones, though distinct in appearance and origin, share a long history rooted in mythology, spiritual beliefs, and jewelry traditions. From ancient Roman sailors clutching aquamarine amulets for safety at sea to medieval knights wearing bloodstone for physical and moral courage, these stones carry with them a legacy of human aspiration and hope.
Today, aquamarine and bloodstone continue to be cherished for their beauty, symbolism, and versatility, making them excellent choices for those born in March and for collectors and jewelers alike. Whether selected for its calming blue or its vibrant red flecks, the March birthstone collection reflects the rich diversity of the natural world and the enduring appeal of gemstones.