August is a unique month in the calendar of birthstones, distinguished by having not one, but two officially recognized gemstones: peridot and spinel. While sardonyx holds historical significance as an earlier August birthstone, it is peridot and spinel that currently represent those born in the eighth month of the year. This dual designation stems from a combination of historical tradition, evolving industry preferences, and the desire to offer a wider range of choices to jewelry buyers. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of both peridot and spinel, detailing why August is celebrated with these two vibrant gems.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, originating with references found in religious texts and folklore. The practice evolved from the twelve gemstones featured on the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus, which were believed to correspond to the twelve tribes of Israel and, subsequently, the twelve months of the year and zodiac signs. For centuries, various cultures linked specific stones to calendar months, attributing luck, health, and metaphysical energies to them.
Originally, August was solely associated with peridot. However, in 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers standardized the birthstone list, adding spinel as a secondary birthstone for August. This revision aimed to include more affordable and readily available gem options for all months. The inclusion of spinel also provided a distinct alternative to peridot, offering different colors, a higher hardness, and unique crystal structures.
Peridot boasts a long and storied history, often being confused with other green gems like emerald and topaz. Ancient Egyptians revered peridot, calling it “the gem of the sun,” and Cleopatra was particularly fond of it, potentially incorporating it into her famous gem collection. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
Spinel’s history is somewhat different. For centuries, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, a more highly valued gemstone. It wasn’t until more recently that spinel gained recognition for its own unique qualities and beauty.
Geological Formation and Sources
Both peridot and spinel originate from fascinating geological processes, though their formation environments differ. Peridot, a variety of the mineral olivine, is notable for being formed under extreme conditions. It is found in hardened lava, carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites that have traveled from outer space. This unique origin makes it a relatively rare gemstone.
Spinel, like peridot, can also form in igneous rocks, sharing a volcanic origin. However, it is also found in metamorphic rocks, formed through the transformation of existing rocks under intense heat and pressure.
The sources for these gemstones are geographically diverse. While specific mining locations aren’t detailed in the provided sources, the origin stories suggest a global presence. The historical association of peridot with the Red Sea island of Topazios indicates a source in that region. Spinel’s availability in various sizes and affordability suggests broader global distribution.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue. It is the only gemstone, besides diamond, that is formed in the Earth’s mantle. This unique formation contributes to its distinct properties.
Spinel, on the other hand, exhibits a wider range of colors, including red, pink, blue, purple, and black. Transparent spinels with rich color and clarity are highly sought after for use in jewelry.
The sources do not provide detailed gemological data such as refractive index, specific gravity, or chemical formulas for either stone. However, they do highlight key differences in durability. Spinel is noted for its higher hardness compared to peridot, making it more suitable for everyday wear. Fine peridots over 2 carats are considered rare and expensive, while spinels are generally more readily available in larger sizes and at more affordable prices.
Here's a comparative table summarizing the key properties mentioned in the sources:
| Property | Peridot | Spinel |
|---|---|---|
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | Red, pink, blue, purple, black |
| Formation | Earth’s mantle, meteorites | Igneous & metamorphic rocks |
| Hardness | Not specified | Higher than peridot |
| Rarity | Larger stones are rare | More readily available |
| Historical Note | Often mistaken for emerald | Often mistaken for ruby |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both peridot and spinel have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Peridot, with its vibrant green color, is associated with good fortune, prosperity, and emotional healing. The ancient Egyptians linked it to the sun, symbolizing vitality and renewal.
Spinel is associated with strength, protection, and courage, stemming from its use by warriors and soldiers in ancient times. It is considered a powerful stone that promotes bravery and happiness. The fiery warmth of red spinel is said to evoke the energy of August, complementing peridot’s verdant tranquility.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for either peridot or spinel. However, given spinel’s higher hardness, it is likely more durable and resistant to scratching than peridot. General gemstone care guidelines, such as avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, would be applicable to both.
Conclusion
August’s designation as having two birthstones – peridot and spinel – reflects a rich history of evolving traditions and a desire to offer diverse choices to those born in this month. Peridot, with its ancient origins and association with the sun, and spinel, with its fiery brilliance and historical confusion with ruby, each bring unique qualities to the August birthstone palette. Both gemstones represent the contrasting yet complementary aspects of the month, offering wearers a meaningful connection to their birthstone and a beautiful addition to any jewelry collection.