August boasts a unique distinction among the calendar months: it possesses not one, but three recognized birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each gem carries its own rich history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning, offering a diverse selection for those born in the eighth month of the year. While sardonyx represents the traditional August birthstone and peridot has long been considered a primary choice, spinel was officially added to the list in 2016, reflecting evolving consumer preferences and a renewed appreciation for this often-overlooked gem. This article will explore the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance of these three captivating August birthstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical references like the breastplate of Aaron, adorned with twelve gems representing the tribes of Israel. These gems were believed to possess mystical powers linked to zodiac signs and months. The practice evolved over centuries, gaining traction in Poland during the 18th century, where Jewish gem traders began linking gemstones to months. This tradition spread throughout Europe and eventually to the United States, culminating in the standardization of birthstone lists by the American National Retail Jewelers Association in 1912.
Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the original August birthstone, with a history stretching back over 4,000 years. Peridot, often mistaken for emerald or topaz in antiquity, has been valued for millennia, while spinel remained largely unrecognized as a distinct gem until relatively recently, often being confused with ruby.
Peridot’s history is particularly noteworthy. Known as the “gem of the sun” by the ancient Egyptians around 1500 BC, it was sourced from the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. This island, with its harsh conditions, earned ominous names like the Island of Death and Ophiodes (“snake island”), yet it remained a significant source of peridot until the early 20th century. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have consisted largely of peridot. Throughout the Middle Ages, peridot was prized by European royals and clergy, adorning church altars and clerical robes.
Spinel’s story is one of delayed recognition. For centuries, red spinel was mistaken for ruby, and it wasn’t until the 19th century that it was definitively classified as a separate mineral species. Its official recognition as an August birthstone in 2016 reflects a growing appreciation for its unique beauty and vibrant colors.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these three birthstones are as diverse as their histories. Peridot, a gem variety of the mineral olivine, is formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle. Remarkably, peridot has even been discovered in meteorites that have traveled from outer space. Today, peridot is sourced from various locations, including China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. The Egyptian island of Zabargad remains a historically significant source, with specimens from this location highly prized by collectors and found in prestigious museums. Hawaii also boasts “Peridot Beach,” where the sands shimmer with a luminous green hue.
Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, is formed through the layering of sard and onyx, resulting in a banded appearance. Its formation occurs in cavities within volcanic lava flows. Specific geological details regarding sardonyx sources are not provided in the available sources.
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and is often found in association with other gemstones, such as ruby and sapphire. Sources for spinel include Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Tajikistan.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its yellowish-green to greenish-yellow color, though the intensity and tint of green vary depending on the amount of iron present in its crystal structure. It occurs in only one color, making it easily identifiable. The word “peridot” itself originates from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.”
Spinel exhibits a wider range of colors, including red, pink, blue, purple, and black. Its chemical composition is magnesium aluminum oxide.
Sardonyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, composed of silica. It displays alternating layers of red and white, creating a distinctive pattern.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties, based on the provided sources:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color(s) | Historical Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Olivine (Magnesium Iron Silicate) | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | Known as “gem of the sun” by ancient Egyptians; used in religious artifacts. |
| Spinel | Magnesium Aluminum Oxide | Red, pink, blue, purple, black | Historically mistaken for ruby; recently recognized for its own beauty. |
| Sardonyx | Silica (Chalcedony) | Banded red and white | Ancient birthstone with a history over 4,000 years old. |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these August birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Peridot was traditionally believed to symbolize strength and protect against nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Ancient Hawaiians believed peridot stones were the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanoes.
While specific metaphysical beliefs regarding spinel are not detailed in the provided sources, its recent recognition as a birthstone suggests a growing appreciation for its energetic properties.
Sardonyx, as the original August birthstone, carries a long-standing tradition of symbolism. Details regarding its specific symbolism are not provided in the available sources.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for these gemstones. However, based on general gemological knowledge, peridot, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, requires careful handling to avoid scratches. Spinel, with a Mohs hardness of 7-7.5, is more durable. Sardonyx, also with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, should be protected from harsh impacts. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is generally recommended for all three gemstones.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient Egyptians’ reverence for peridot as the “gem of the sun” to the recent recognition of spinel as a distinct and beautiful gemstone, each stone offers a unique connection to the past and a vibrant addition to the world of gemology. The inclusion of three birthstones for August provides a diverse range of options for those seeking a meaningful and beautiful gem to represent their birth month.