December is unique among the calendar months in possessing not one, but three recognized birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon. These gemstones, while differing in origin, composition, and appearance, share a common thread of captivating blue hues, perfectly complementing the winter season. The choice among them offers a spectrum of options for those born in December, catering to diverse preferences in color, style, and budget.
History and Lore
The history of December’s birthstones is a journey through millennia and across continents. Turquoise boasts the longest documented history, with evidence of its use dating back to 5000 BCE in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). Ancient Egyptians, referring to it as “mefkat” meaning “joy” and “delight,” mined turquoise in the Sinai region around 5500 BCE, incorporating it into religious and cultural artifacts. Chinese artisans were carving turquoise over 3,000 years ago.
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with protective qualities. From the 13th century onward, it was believed to safeguard wearers from falls, particularly from horseback, and to fracture as a warning of impending disaster. Hindu mystics associated turquoise with wealth, believing that viewing the gem after a new moon would bring prosperity. The name “turquoise” itself originated in the 13th century, derived from the French “pierre tourques,” or “Turkish stone,” reflecting the trade routes through which the gem reached Europe. Historically, the most prized turquoise originated in Persia (now Iran), known as “Persian blue,” a designation still applied even when sourced from other regions.
While turquoise enjoys a long and storied past, tanzanite and zircon are relative newcomers to the birthstone list. Tanzanite’s recognition as a December birthstone is more recent, while zircon has been known for its beauty for centuries, though not always specifically linked to December until the 20th century. The American National Association of Jewelers officially designated turquoise as a December birthstone in 1912.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation of these three birthstones occurs through vastly different geological processes and in geographically distinct locations. Turquoise is formed in relatively arid environments where copper-rich groundwater interacts with minerals containing phosphorus and aluminum. This process occurs in “dry and barren regions,” resulting in the gem’s characteristic blue-to-green coloration, often marked by veins of matrix – remnants of the surrounding rock. Significant sources of turquoise include Iran, China, Mexico, the Middle East, Kazakhstan, and the United States of America.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is a relatively recent discovery, found in a very limited geographical area: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. Its formation involves complex geological processes associated with the East African Rift Valley.
Zircon, while found in a wider range of locations, also forms under specific geological conditions, often in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its distinct appearance and value.
Turquoise: This gem is semi-translucent to opaque, exhibiting a color range from blue to green. The presence of iron imparts a greenish hue, while zinc contributes to a yellowish tone. The most desirable color, often referred to as “Robin’s egg blue,” “Sky Blue,” or “Persian Blue,” is a vibrant, clear blue. Turquoise has a Mohs hardness of 5-6, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching or damage from body oils and moisture. It is porous, meaning its color can change over time with prolonged contact with skin. Common treatments include waxing, dyeing, and stabilization to enhance color and durability.
Tanzanite: Characterized by its rich violet-blue tones, tanzanite is a pleochroic gem, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. This property contributes to its captivating brilliance.
Zircon: Zircon exhibits a wide range of colors, but the blue varieties are most commonly associated with December. These blue zircons are often produced by irradiating naturally colorless zircon. Zircon has a relatively high hardness, making it more durable than turquoise.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | Blue to Green | 5-6 | Opaque to Semi-translucent |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | Violet-Blue | 6.5-7 | Transparent to Translucent |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | Blue (irradiated) | 6.5-7.5 | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise, historically, was believed to guarantee health and good fortune, and to offer protection from harm.
While specific metaphysical beliefs associated with tanzanite and zircon are less extensively documented in the provided sources, their blue hues are often associated with tranquility, wisdom, and inspiration.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing hardness and porosity, each of these December birthstones requires specific care to maintain its beauty. Turquoise, being relatively soft and porous, should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning should be done gently with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and prolonged exposure to sunlight. Zircon, being harder, is more durable and can withstand more rigorous cleaning, but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Tanzanite requires gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
December Birthstone by Day
The provided sources indicate a specific birthstone assigned to each day of December, rotating through Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Zircon. This daily assignment offers a more personalized connection to the birthstones.
| Date in December | Birthstone |
|---|---|
| 1-3 | Blue Topaz |
| 4-6 | Tanzanite |
| 7-9 | Turquoise |
| 10-12 | Blue Zircon |
| 13-15 | Blue Topaz |
| 16-18 | Tanzanite |
| 19-21 | Turquoise |
| 22-24 | Blue Zircon |
| 25-27 | Blue Topaz |
| 28-30 | Tanzanite |
| 31 | Turquoise |
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gems. From the ancient lore surrounding turquoise to the modern appeal of tanzanite and zircon, these stones offer a range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. Their affordability, coupled with their beauty, makes them accessible and appealing choices for those seeking a meaningful connection to their December birthstone. The variety ensures that every December baby can find a gem that resonates with their personal style and preferences.