August boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While all three hold significance, peridot stands out as the most widely recognized and celebrated August gem. This vibrant green stone, often referred to as the “gem of the sun,” possesses a rich history, a fascinating geological origin, and a captivating symbolism that has resonated with cultures for millennia. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, providing a comprehensive overview of this remarkable gemstone.
A History Rooted in Ancient Civilizations
Peridot’s story stretches back over four thousand years, with evidence of its use dating to ancient Egypt around 1500 BC. Ancient Egyptians highly prized peridot, sourcing it from the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. This island remained a crucial source of the gem for centuries, until the early 20th century. The Egyptians referred to peridot as the “gem of the sun,” believing it possessed protective qualities, warding off nightmares and bestowing confidence, health, and positive energy upon its wearer. Some historians even speculate that the magnificent “emeralds” adorning Cleopatra’s jewelry were, in fact, peridot.
The gem’s journey continued through the Middle Ages, where it was highly valued by European royals and clergy. Peridot was frequently used to decorate church altars and embellish clerical robes, signifying its importance and reverence. Its popularity persisted into the Victorian era, becoming a favored component in intricate jewelry designs. Throughout history, peridot was often confused with other green gemstones, such as emeralds and topaz, due to similarities in color. The Red Sea island of Topazios, often cited as a source for topaz, was actually a significant producer of peridot, contributing to this historical misidentification.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is not born from the typical geological processes that create many other gemstones. It is a variety of the mineral olivine, and uniquely, it is often found in meteorites – remnants of the early solar system. On Earth, peridot forms deep within the Earth’s mantle under extreme conditions and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is found in hardened lava, carried from the depths of the Earth, and in kimberlite pipes, the volcanic conduits that also bring diamonds to the surface.
Historically, the primary source of peridot was Zabargad Island in the Red Sea, a location exploited for centuries. However, other notable sources include Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, and the United States, particularly Arizona. While Zabargad Island was a significant source until the early 20th century, modern peridot is also sourced from Pakistan and Vietnam.
Gemological Properties: A Closer Look
Peridot’s distinctive green hue is a result of its chemical composition, primarily iron magnesium silicate. Its color ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, with the intensity of the green dependent on the amount of iron present in the crystal structure. Peridot is one of the few gemstones that occurs in only one color, making its vibrant green shade particularly prized.
Here’s a breakdown of peridot’s key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 to 1.69 |
| Birefringence | 0.035 to 0.038 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 to 7 |
Peridot possesses a refractive index ranging from 1.65 to 1.69, contributing to its brilliance. Its specific gravity is 3.34, indicating a relatively high density. With a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, peridot is reasonably durable but requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. It exhibits a vitreous luster, giving it a glassy sheen.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. As the “gem of the sun,” ancient Egyptians believed it held protective powers, shielding wearers from nightmares and promoting well-being. This association with the sun continued through the ages, with peridot being seen as a symbol of light, warmth, and renewal.
Beyond its protective qualities, peridot is also believed to foster confidence, health, and positive energy. It is thought to attract abundance and good fortune, making it a popular choice for those seeking prosperity. In some cultures, peridot is associated with marital happiness and is given as a gift to newlyweds. While these beliefs are not scientifically substantiated, they contribute to the gemstone’s enduring appeal and cultural significance.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh impacts. It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to abrasive materials.
Cleaning peridot is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or harsh chemicals, as these can damage the gemstone. A soft cloth can be used to gently polish peridot and restore its luster. Storing peridot jewelry separately from harder gemstones will help prevent scratches.
The Modern August Birthstone and Beyond
Today, peridot remains a popular choice for August birthstone jewelry. Alongside peridot, spinel and sardonyx also represent August, offering a range of options for those born in this month. However, peridot’s vibrant green color and rich history continue to make it a favored gem. Modern jewelers frequently incorporate peridot into a variety of settings, from delicate pendants and earrings to bold rings and bracelets. Lab-created peridot alternatives, such as cubic zirconia, are also available, offering a more affordable option while maintaining the gem’s aesthetic appeal.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, is a gem steeped in history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern-day popularity, peridot has captivated cultures for millennia. Its unique formation, vibrant color, and perceived metaphysical properties contribute to its enduring allure. Whether cherished as a birthstone, a symbol of prosperity, or simply a beautiful adornment, peridot continues to shine as a testament to the Earth’s remarkable artistry.