August and December, though separated by four months, share a unique characteristic among birthstones: both boast multiple designated gems. August is represented by peridot, spinel, and sardonyx, while December claims zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise as its birthstones. This article will explore the history, geological origins, and gemological properties of peridot and zircon, alongside a discussion of turquoise, offering a comparative overview of these fascinating gemstones. The selection of these stones for detailed examination is based on the availability of information within the provided sources.
A History of Designation
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with months of the year dates back to ancient times, though the specific assignments have evolved. Sardonyx was originally the sole birthstone for August, with peridot gaining prominence later. In 2016, spinel was officially added to the August list, providing a wider range of choices. December’s multiple birthstones reflect a long history of tradition, with turquoise and zircon being among the earliest associations. The inclusion of additional stones like topaz and tanzanite represents more recent additions, driven by market preferences and the desire for variety. The practice of having multiple birthstones allows individuals to select a gem that resonates with their personal tastes and beliefs.
Peridot: Formed in Fire and Space
Peridot, the primary birthstone for August, is a gem variety of the mineral olivine. Its formation is often linked to dramatic geological events. Sources indicate that peridot can be found in hardened lava, carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle. Remarkably, it has also been discovered in meteorites, suggesting an extraterrestrial origin for some specimens. Historically, peridot was often confused with other green gemstones, such as emerald and topaz. The Red Sea island of Topazios, from which the name “topaz” is derived, was actually a significant source of peridot.
The gem’s history is rich with misidentification and regal association. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now known to be peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have included significant quantities of peridot.
Spinel: A Ruby Imposter Revealed
While peridot holds the position as the primary August birthstone, spinel is a more recent addition, gaining recognition as consumers sought alternatives to ruby. For centuries, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, due to its similar color. It wasn’t until more advanced gemological techniques were developed that spinel was definitively identified as a distinct mineral species. This historical confusion contributed to spinel being undervalued for a considerable period, but today it is appreciated for its own unique beauty and durability.
Zircon: An Ancient Gem with a Rainbow of Colors
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and holds a prominent place among December’s birthstones. It is celebrated for its brilliant fire and the wide range of colors in which it can be found. Historically, zircon has been associated with both turquoise and blue topaz as a primary December birthstone, representing the chill of winter with its cool blue hues.
Zircon’s geological significance is noteworthy, stemming from its ancient origins. Its durability and clarity have made it a prized gemstone for centuries.
Turquoise: A Stone of Tradition and Spirituality
Turquoise is another traditional December birthstone, valued for its distinctive blue-green color. It is often associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. The sources suggest that turquoise, alongside zircon, has long been considered a main birthstone for December, embodying the colors of the winter season.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While each gemstone possesses unique characteristics, a comparison of their key properties provides valuable insight.
| Property | Peridot (Olivine) | Zircon (ZrSiO₄) | Turquoise (CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | ZrSiO₄ | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | Colorless, brown, yellow, red, blue | Blue to green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 | 6.5 - 7.5 | 5 - 6 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Adamantine | Waxy to subvitreous |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Tetragonal | Triclinic |
The hardness of these gemstones, as measured on the Mohs scale, indicates their relative resistance to scratching. Peridot and zircon share a similar hardness range, making them reasonably durable for jewelry use. Turquoise, being softer, requires more careful handling to avoid damage. The chemical composition reveals the fundamental building blocks of each gem, influencing their color, luster, and other properties.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
While the provided sources do not delve deeply into metaphysical beliefs, they do hint at the symbolic significance of these stones. Peridot is associated with abundance, protection, and positivity. Turquoise is linked to protection, healing, and good fortune. December’s birthstones, as a whole, are described as reflecting a brilliance from every corner of the stones, and have been used in engagement rings, wedding bands, and necklaces, suggesting a connection to love, commitment, and celebration.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of these gemstones requires appropriate care. Given its hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, peridot is relatively durable but can still be scratched by harder materials. Zircon, with a similar hardness, also requires careful handling. Turquoise, being softer, is particularly susceptible to damage from abrasives and harsh chemicals. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended for all three gemstones. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, especially for turquoise, as these can cause damage.
Market Trends and Availability
The provided sources indicate that peridot is the most common August birthstone, appearing in 38 states as the most frequently born-in-month gemstone. Ruby is the most common in 11 states, while sapphire and emerald each lead in one state. The data suggests that peridot is a widely popular choice, potentially due to its affordability and availability. The sources do not provide detailed market information for December birthstones, but the variety of options available suggests a diverse range of consumer preferences.
Conclusion
August and December birthstones offer a captivating array of colors, histories, and gemological properties. Peridot, spinel, zircon, and turquoise each possess unique characteristics that have captivated humans for centuries. From the fiery origins of peridot to the ancient lineage of zircon and the traditional significance of turquoise, these gemstones represent a rich tapestry of geological processes, cultural beliefs, and artistic expression. The multiple birthstone designations for both months provide individuals with a diverse selection to choose from, allowing them to find a gem that resonates with their personal style and symbolism.