Peridot, a vibrant green gemstone, holds the distinction as a prominent birthstone for August, alongside spinel and sardonyx. Revered throughout history for its unique formation and captivating color, peridot has been associated with power, recuperation, and even cosmic energies. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this fascinating gem, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is interwoven with historical misidentification and enduring symbolism. Originally known as “chrysolithos,” the name ‘peridot’ originates from the Peridot or Vereeniging mines in Egypt, where the gem was historically extracted from limestone matrices. Ancient Egyptians held peridot in high esteem, referring to it as “the gem of the sun,” recognizing its rarity and vibrant hue. They believed it possessed protective qualities and were used as talismans to ward off evil spirits and drive snakes into the sea.
Some historians speculate that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may have actually consisted largely of peridot, owing to the historical confusion between the two green gemstones. This confusion persisted for centuries, with the Red Sea island of Topazios – a source often cited for “topaz” – actually yielding significant quantities of peridot. Scholars like Pliny the Elder often referred to peridot when discussing topaz, further cementing the historical ambiguity. References to topaz in ancient texts may, in many instances, have actually been to peridot.
The gem’s significance extends into religious contexts as well. Sardonyx, a traditional August birthstone, was featured in the high priest’s breastplate, and some believe peridot was also included among the original Biblical birthstones, mistakenly labeled as topaz. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is adorned with 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is remarkable, occurring under extreme geological conditions. It is a variety of the mineral olivine, and is often found in hardened lava, carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle. This volcanic origin contributes to its association with power and strength. Unusually, peridot can also be discovered within pallasites, a rare type of meteorite containing peridot crystals embedded in an iron-nickel matrix, linking the gem to outer space.
While historically sourced from Egypt, peridot is now found in various locations around the world. Hawaii is known for its volcanic peridot deposits, and the gem has also been discovered in ancient lava beds. More recently, new discoveries in the American Southwest have made peridot jewelry more accessible.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is distinguished by its characteristic green color, ranging from yellowish-green to brownish-green, though it is notably found only in green hues. This coloration is due to the presence of iron within its chemical composition. The gem typically exhibits a slightly oily or greasy luster, setting it apart from many other gemstones.
Peridot is a transparent gemstone, and its color can vary in brilliance depending on the amount of iron present. It is a variety of olivine, and while specific chemical formulas and refractive indices are not provided in the available sources, its consistent green color is a defining characteristic.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ancient Egyptians associated it with the sun and believed it held protective powers. More broadly, it has come to symbolize strength and is thought to ward off nightmares, evil, and enchantments.
Modern interpretations often link peridot to light and cosmic energies, stemming from its association with meteorites and its vibrant green color. Some believe it facilitates recuperation and promotes a sense of well-being. Hawaiian tradition attributes peridot to the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanic activity.
Care and Cleaning
While the provided sources do not offer specific details on peridot’s hardness or cleavage, its formation in volcanic environments suggests a degree of durability. General gemstone care principles would apply, including avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended to maintain its brilliance.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a captivating gemstone with a rich history and unique geological origins. From its ancient association with the sun and protective powers to its modern symbolism of strength and cosmic energy, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its vibrant green hue, often linked to volcanic activity and even outer space, makes it a truly special and significant birthstone for those born in August. The gem’s enduring appeal lies in its captivating color, intriguing history, and the sense of wonder it evokes.